Oral English language proficiency of ITAs: Policy,implementation, and contributing factors

Student complaints to legislators led to 20 states mandating higher educational institutions develop policy on oral English language proficiency of instructors. These mandates directed public institutions to certify oral English language proficiency of international teaching assistants. Universities responded to these mandates by developing policy requiring formal evaluation of international teaching assistants and provision for remediation of those whose skills were deficient. Demographic factors which led to these mandates are number of non-resident aliens and number of students in higher education institutions in the state. Institutional factors leading to policy were graduate enrollment and degree granting status of institutions.Clayton F. Thomas obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. He is a Professor of Educational Administration and Foundations at Illinois State University and is affiliated with the Center for Higher Education. Patricia K. Monoson obtained her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. She is an Associate Professor of Speech Pathology at Illinois State University and is affiliated with the Center for Higher Education.     

Book Review

Robert Paul Wolff, The Ideal of the University .
Gandhi and America's Educational Future , An Inquiry at Southern Illinois University, by Wayne A. R. Leys and P. S. S. Rama Rao.     

How can evaluation contribute to educational policy? the uses of information in Australia

Conclusion There are volumes of data and much other information potentially available for school systems and schools for evaluating performance and modifying policy and practice. There is always a risk of injudicious data gathering that creates more information than can sensibly be used. We often known more than we understand. Careful selection of the data to be used and appropriate analysis and interpretation can turn information into understanding and perhaps, finally, wisdom. Original language: English Barry McGaw (Australia) Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. Since 1986, Director of the Australian Council for Educational Research. Originally trained as a secondary science teacher. After completing a post-graduate B.Ed. Honours degree, he joined the Research and Curriculum Branch of the Queensland Department of Education. Following a period of further study in the United States, he became Head of that Branch. In 1976, he was appointed Professor of Education at the Murdoch University in Western Australia. Research interests are in measurement, learning and research policy. He has been engaged in a number of projects for UNESCO and the OECD Presentation at the joint UNESCO: International Bureau of Education and Brazilian Ministry of Education and Sport,International Seminar on Educational Evaluation, Rio de Janiero, Brazil, 30 November–3 December 1997.     

USA: Worldwide school reform movements and students with disabilities

Robert A. Henderson, Professor of Special Education and Educational Administration (Emeritus) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA, considers the implications for students with disabilities of school reform movements.     

Contributions of active and dynamic self-regulation to learning

Most modern cognitive theories postulate that active executive control is the only internal source of self-regulation of learning processes. To account for incidental and other categories of unintentional learning, this study explored the hypothesis that two independent sources of internal control regulate academic learning: (a) active (or executive) and (b) dynamic (or nonexecutive). College undergraduates completed an inventory of active and dynamic learning processes. The findings supported the twosource hypothesis. Moreover, when the contribution of dynamic self-regulation was removed, the correlation between active self-regulation and learning was no longer significant. When active self-regulation was removed, the correlation between dynamic self-regulation and learning remained basically the same.Asghar Iran-Nejad received his Ph.D. in 1983 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is Associate Professor of Educational Psychology at The University of Alabama. His research interests and publications include the multisource nature of learning, cognitive and affective causes of interest, and sources of self-regulation. Brad S. Chissom received his Ed.D. in 1969 from Florida State University. He is Professor and Program Chair in Educational Research at The University of Alabama. He has written in the areas of educational research methodology, measurement and statistical applications.     

A study of the use of instructional development in selected college/university continuing professional education programs

This article reports on a recent study on the use of instructional development to enhance the quality of university continuing education programs for professionals. As an instructional mode of continuing professional education, instructional development principles and procedures are potentially appropriate means for achieving and maintaining the quality and effectiveness of such programs. Although the application of instructional development in higher education has been studied by several researchers, there has been little research to address its application with regard specifically to the area of continuing professional education in higher education. Based on a national survey of continuing educators, the extent of use and the major factors associated with the use or lack of use of instructional development are presented and discussed. Three models of the use of instructional development developed through selected cases are provided.Philip L. Doughty is Associate Professor of Instructional Design, Development, and Evaluation and Director of the Division of Educational Development, Counseling, and Administrative Studies at Syracuse University.The authors would like to express their appreciation to Dr. Margaret Holt, former chair of the NUCEA Survey Research Committee; Dean Frank Funk, Dr. David Krathwohl, and Dr. Roger Hiemstra, at Syracuse University; Dr. Paul Ilsley, University of Northern Illinois; and the editorial staff and reviewers ofInnovative Higher Education for their helpful comments and assistance.     

NAEB research seminar for educational television and radio

To review the status of research in educational broadcasting, assess its adequacy in the light of contemporary requirements and propose a program of urgently needed research, 23 research specialists from organizations and institutions engaged in educational broadcasting participated in a five-day Seminar on Research in Educational Broadcasting. The Seminar was sponsored by the National Association of Educational Broadcasters with funds provided by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation. Management responsibility was handled by The Ohio State University, which also generously contributed the services of many members of its staff. The Seminar was held December 9–13, 1957, on The Ohio State University campus in Columbus. For the past few years, Dr. Tyler has been director of the annual Institute for Education by Radio and Television.     

Academic help-seeking in the university setting: The effects of motivational set,attributional style,and help source characteristics

We examined university students' academic help-seeking under task-involved and ego-involved classroom conditions. The effects of these motivational sets on frequency of help-seeking were expected to depend on students' attributions for failure. Use of two types of help sources was investigated: (1) an instrumental help source that imparted useful strategies to the help-seeker, thereby allowing him or her to retain responsibility for solving the problem; (2) an executive help source that disclosed the solutions, thus relinquishing the help-seeker of the responsibility for independent problem-solving. We found that ego involvement increased executive help-seeking in students who attributed failure to low ability, but not in students who made effort attributions. Moreover, task involvement produced more instrumental help-seeking than ego involvement in all students regardless of their attribution style. Since executive help-seeking can impede academic development by inhibiting skill acquisition and by fostering dependence on a help source, university teachers should consider classroom strategies that promote task involvement.Support for this research was provided to Jamie-Lynn Magnusson by The University of Manitoba Research Funds Committee and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Support was provided to Raymond P. Perry by Franz E. Weinert, the Max Planck Institute, Munich. Portions of this paper were presented at the meetings of the American Educational Research Association. This paper is based on research conducted for a doctoral thesis submitted by Jamie-Lynn Magnusson, under the supervision of Raymond P. Perry, to the Department of Psychology at The University of Manitoba.     

Diagnosis, Intuition and Autism

The authors discuss the need for diagnosis and the place for intuition in the education of pupils with autism. They are in the Educational Research into Autism Group, School of Humanities and Education, University of Hertfordshire.     

General education: A college dropout

Fifty Famous Painters. By Henrietta Gerwig. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1926. Pp. ix + 416. Price, $3.50.

A Glossary of Three Hundred Terms Used in Educational Measurement and Research. By Charles W. Odell (University of Illinois). Bulletin No. 40, Bureau of Educational Research. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1928. Pp. 68. Price, 50 cents.

Three Problem Children. Narratives from the Case Records of a Child Guidance Clinic. New York: Joint Committee on Methods of Preventing Delinquency, 1926. Pp. viii + 142.

High School Chemistry. By George Howard Bruce. Yonkers, N. Y.: World Book Co., 1928. Pp. x + 550. Price, $1.68.

Psychology for Teachers. By Charles E. Benson, James E. Lough, Charles E. Skinner, and Paul V. West (New York University). Boston: Ginn &; Co., 1926. Pp. x + 390. Price, $2.

Standardizing Teachers' Examinations, and the Distribution of Class Marks. By Robert S. Ellis. Bloomington, Ill.: Public School Publishing Co., 1927. Pp. 170. Price, 75 cents.

The New Human Interest Library. S. E. Farquhar, Managing Editor. Chicago: The Midland Press, 1928. 6 volumes.

The Path of Learning. By Henry W. Holmes (Harvard University) and Burton P. Fowler. Boston: Little, Brown &; Co., 1926. Pp. x + 488.

Fundamentals of Human Motivation. By Leonard T. Troland (Harvard University). New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1928. Pp. xiv + 521. Price, $5.

School Training for Gifted Children. By Henry Herbert Goddard (Ohio State University). Yonkers, N. Y.: World Book Co., 1928. Pp. xii + 266. Price, $2.

Parents and Sex Education, By B. C. Gruenberg. New York: American Social Hygiene Association, 1923. Pp. vi + 100. Price, $3.

Elements of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. A Laboratory Guide. By Wilfred Welday Scott. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1928. Pp. x +164. Price, $1.60.

Principles and Methods of Junior High School Mathematics. By James Herbert Blackhurst. New York: The Century Co., 1928. Pp. xvi + 355.

The Singing Farmer. By James S. Tippett. New York: World Book Co., 1927. Pp. vi + 90. Price, 68 cents.

The Techniques of Educational Research. By W. S. Monroe and Max D. Engelhart (University of Illinois). Bulletin No. 38, Bureau of Educational Research. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1928. Pp. 84. Price, 50 cents.

A Teacher's Geography. By Mendel E. Branom. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. xviii + 252.     

Teaching for analogical transfer as a means of improving problem-solving,thinking and learning

Analogical transfer is transfer of a basic structure acquired through one or more instances to another instance. A basic structure like this is sometimes called a paradigm. Paradigmatic teaching, i.e. teaching for analogical transfer, requires the teaching of a basic structure by appropriate exemplars as well as the teaching of its application in various fields and contexts. This is demonstrated using research on teaching for problem-solving, inductive thinking, and learning-to-leam.Invited paper presented at the joint meeting of the Dutch Research Association on Instructional Processes (OTG), the German Division for Empirical Educational Research (AEPF) of the German Educational Association and the Division for Educational Psychology (FPP) of the German Psychological Association on April 23–25, 1989, at the University of Twente, The Netherlands.     

College Students' Study Strategies as a Function of Testing: An Investigation into Metacognitive Self-Regulation

We conducted the present study to investigate whether college students adjust their study strategies to meet the cognitive demands of testing, a metacognitive self-regulatory skill. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two testing conditions. In one condition we told participants to study for a test that required deep-level cognitive processing and in the other to study for a test that required surface-level cognitive processing. Results suggested that college students adjust their study strategies so that they are in line with the cognitive processing demands of tests and that performance is mediated by the study strategies that are used.Margaret E. Ross is an Associate Professor of Educational Measurement and Statistics at Auburn University. She earned her Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from the University of Kansas. Her research interests include the role assessment plays in influencing student learning strategies, assessment issues and policy, and educational program evaluation. Samuel B. Green is a Professor in the Educational Psychology Department at Arizona State University. He holds a Ph.D. in Measurement and Individual Differences Psychology from the University of Georgia. His research focuses on statistical procedures. Jill Salisbury-Glennon is an Associate Professor teaching Educational Psychology courses at Auburn University. She earned her Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from Pennsylvania. Research interests include college student self-regulation, metacognition, and motivation. Nona Tollefson recently passed away. She was a Professor of Psychology and Research in Education at the University of Kansas and held a Ph.D. from Purdue University. Her research focused on student assessment     

The student advisory committee: Program evaluation that develops students

A student advisory committee was formed to complement program evaluation for an open learning center. The center's staff found that the student committee members not only gave valuable feedback about instruction and services but also served as excellent problem-solvers. As a result of this committee, the center improved its evaluation process, the staff gained insight into problems from the student's perspective, and, most important, the students were given an opportunity to develop themselves.Girard Weber holds an MA degree in Educational Measurement and Statistics from the University of Iowa and MA in Linguistics and English Literature from Northern Illinois University. His chief research interests are in assessment, and retention, especially of nontraditional students.Steven Prater holds a Masters of Education in Guidance and Counseling from the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. He is currently Counselor for the Open Learning Center of John Wood Community College. He has worked as a counselor for nine years and has been a staff sponsor and mentor for nontraditional students and student groups.     

公共政策选择与影子教育参与

国家的公共政策选择是影响学生参与影子教育的重要中介因素。公共政策可以直接介入影子教育市场:鼓励政策能够促进学生的影子教育参与,但也会遭遇参与率低的难题;管制政策对影子教育参与机会的影响存在异质性,高收入家庭的学生往往不受实际约束。同时,公共政策对学校教育的干预可能引发连锁反应,激起非预期的影子教育需求。公共教育财政投入的整体水平和内部差异如何影响教育参与尚需更多的研究来检验;允许教师提供有偿补习可能迫使学生被动参与影子教育,若干低收入国家的案例研究提供了这方面的证据。     

生成性思维视阈下的儿童教育理念探究

个体生命特性是生命内在价值的主要体现,对生命内在价值的认识与理解可以为儿童教育的开展提供条件。生成性思维体现对个体生命之生成性的关注,具有关注生命过程、重视生命创造、尊重生命差异、强调生命关系的特点。面对"未成熟状态"的儿童,关注个体生命之生成性有助于遵循其生命成长的内在时间秩序,引导儿童追求幸福生活,符合儿童生命的成长诉求。生成性思维视阈下的儿童教育应关注儿童生命完整过程,帮助儿童实现生命觉醒;重视儿童生命创造,尊重儿童生命差异,对儿童饱含教育期待;基于主体间生命关系,引导儿童走向美好人生。     

The dimensional structure of metaphors of career and their relations to career agency,job search self-efficacy,and negative career outlook

International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance - We measured 16 career-related metaphors’ salience to university students and graduates (N = 577). The JOURNEY...     

Effect of individual career counseling on psychological distress: impact of career intervention components,working alliance,and career indecision

International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance - This study examined the impact of intervention components, working alliance, and career indecision on the change in psychological...     

The Burden of Teaching Teachers: Memoirs of Race Discourse in Teacher Education

This paper presents the views and educational experiences of two African American female scholars, from a critical race and black feminist theorist perspective, teaching in the area of social justice to predominantly white female pre-service teachers. These testimonies reveal the struggles encountered by these scholars when engaging students in a historical and contemporary examination of race, privilege, and systemic inequalities. The objectives of this paper are to expand on the literary dialogue of such resistance and attempt to bring awareness into the arenas that need the most exposure, i.e. departmental, faculty, and tenure review meetings. It is commonly written and verbalized that institutions are interested in attracting and retaining faculty of color. We argue that the ways we are supported must shift. This problem of student resistance, who they resist and why, should become open for discussion on college campuses across the nation. Dawn G. Williams is an Assistant Professor of Educational Administration and Policy at Howard University. Venus Evans-Winters is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Educational Studies at Illinois Wesleyan University.