我国成年男性肌肉上瘾倾向与体象障碍、饮食障碍和社交焦虑的关系

近年来,肌肉上瘾（muscle dysmorphia）已成为西方国家的研究热点,肌肉上瘾是个体对缺乏大块肌肉的错误认知和病态的先占观念。为深入 理解肌肉上瘾及其影响因素,本研究采用问卷法,选取肌肉外观满意度量表（Muscl Appearance Satisfaction Scale,MASS）中文修订版、体象障碍自评 量表（Body Dysphoric Disorder Scale,BDDS）、进食态度问卷（The Eating Attitude Test,EAT）和社交焦虑量表（Interaction Anxiousness Scale,IAS）,在全 国4个地区、10个省市,对在健身俱乐部进行力量训练的成年男性进行调查,共发放问卷1 100份,回收948份,有效问卷782份,问卷有效回收率为 82.49%。结果显示：肌肉上瘾倾向得分与体象障碍、饮食障碍和社交焦虑存在正相关（P<0.01）,有较高的伴随发病率;以肌肉上瘾倾向总得分为因 变量,以体象障碍、进食障碍各维度和社交焦虑总得分为自变量进行多元回归分析表明,体象障碍、饮食障碍和社交焦虑对肌肉上瘾倾向具有一定 的预测作用,但是预测度有限。由此可见,肌肉上瘾与体象障碍、进食障碍、社交焦虑存在一定的共患性,但预测和解释程度有限,提示肌肉上瘾的 形成可能还存在其他影响因素。     

Gender,photography and women’s football in England: the Portsmouth Ladies FC, 1916–1918

ABSTRACT

Founded in 1916, the Portsmouth Ladies FC were one of many women’s football teams active during the First World War. Building upon the work of Jean Williams, Patrick Brennan and Ian Nannestad, this article seeks to broaden our knowledge of the development of women’s wartime football. Its principal sources are images held by National Football Museum, the Pompey History Society, along with newly digitised newspapers. This article explores two aspects of the club’s history. Firstly, it presents an overview detailing the team’s origins, playing record, the types of games they played, including games against male teams, and the role of Councillor Tom Langdon in organising and promoting their activities. Secondly, it will explore the significant photographic coverage afforded to the team, in particular by the Portsmouth Evening News photographer Joseph Stephen Cribb. It will be argued that the club’s history helps develop the chronological development of women’s football in World War On. It will also be argued that visual depictions of the team show both an increasing interest in the women’s game, and also the limits and gendered nature of that interest.     

新规则对我国甲级女排技术的影响与对策研究

通过对全国排球联赛(福州赛区)三个赛季的技术数据分析和临场观察，并结合文献资料研究，分析新规则对甲级女排的技术影响和对策。研究表明，新规则对得失分技术比重发生较大影响；对主要技术亦有影响，提出甲级女排的训练指导思想和方法均应相应调整，以适应排球运动发展需要。     

Situational Indexes of Achievement Motivation,Help-Seeking,and Performance: Influences of the Learning Context and Gender Differences

Abstract

Sixteen college athletes and non-athletes were given 10 30-sec. practice trials to learn how to balance on a stabilometer. The next day they were allowed three more trials alone and three trials before a group of spectators. The non-athletes were significantly better on two of the three trials performed in front of the spectators. They also performed better than the athletes throughout the ten practice trials, although the tenth and last trial approached but did not yield a significant difference at the .05 level.     

Gender Role and Sport Competition Anxiety: A Re-examination

Abstract

The present study tested whether there were significant sport competition anxiety differences among sex-typed, androgynous, and cross sex-typed subjects and whether these differences were consistent with gender schema theory (Bem, 1981b).

Approximately 700 subjects were administered the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and, using two methods of scoring, 216 subjects were selected because of being either sex-typed (masculine males, feminine females), cross sex-typed (masculine females, feminine males) or androgynous (males and females who have strong masculine and feminine dimensions). Each subject was tested for competition anxiety using the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). A one-way ANOVA of SCAT scores by group was significant, F(5,210) = 6.52, p < .001. Post-hoc analysis revealed that feminine females had significantly more competitive trait anxiety than all other groups and androgynous females were more anxious than masculine males (p < .05). The results are discussed in terms of gender schema theory.     

Attraction to Physical Activity in Urban Schoolchildren: Parental Socialization and Gender Influences

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the contribution of parental socialization processes and gender to children's interest in physical activity using Eccles' expectancy-value model of motivation. An additional purpose was to examine the nature of these relationships among children of a lower socioeconomic level, a sample that has been underrepresented in pediatric exercise research to date. Fourth- through sixth-grade children (N = 107) from a large metropolitan school district were participants in this study and completed questionnaires assessing attraction to physical activity, perceived physical competence, and perceptions of their parents' physical activity beliefs and behaviors. Multivariate regression analyses revealed a significant relationship between parental socialization processes and children's perceived physical competence and attraction to physical activity. Gender differences were also identified and were primarily related to liking of the exertional characteristics of physical activity and exercise. These findings are consistent with theory and research regarding parental and gender-role socialization during childhood.     

螺旋藻复方对递增大负荷运动小鼠肝脏、心肌、骨骼肌的保护作用和HSP_(70)表达的关系

目的:研究螺旋藻复方对递增大负荷运动小鼠肝脏、心肌、骨骼肌的保护作用和HSP70表达的关系。方法:用光学显微镜和电子显微镜分别观察递增大负荷运动和递增大负荷运动 螺旋藻复方对小鼠心肌、骨骼肌和肝组织的形态学影响。用免疫组化法(SP法)研究适量运动、递增大负荷运动、适量运动 螺旋藻复方和递增大负荷运动 螺旋藻复方对小鼠心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞和肝细胞的HSP70蛋白表达的变化。结果:在光镜下,递增大负荷运动组小鼠心肌、骨骼肌和肝细胞出现了不同程度的水肿、变性和坏死。在电镜下,可见肌原纤维断裂、细胞肿胀、线粒体肿胀,空泡样变和细胞核核质溶解,可见凋亡小体。而递增大负荷运动 螺旋藻复方组小鼠心肌、骨骼肌和肝脏的病变程度明显减轻。运动各组小鼠心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞和肝细胞HSP70表达均显著高于正常组(P<0.01),适量运动 螺旋藻复方组小鼠心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞和肝细胞HSP70表达均高于适量运动组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。递增大负荷运动 螺旋藻复方组小鼠心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞和肝细胞HSP70表达均低于递增大负荷运动组(P<0.01或P<0.05),但与适量运动 螺旋藻复方组比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:螺旋藻复方能抵抗递增大负荷运动导致的组织细胞损伤,其分子机理与该方提高运动诱导HSP70表达水     

年龄和性别因素对力量训练后肌肉量变化的影响

目的:探寻力量训练后,年龄和性别两个因素对人体肌肉量变化的影响.方法:随机选取年龄在20～30岁之间的青年男、女各8名,以及年龄在65～75岁之间的老年男、女各8名作为实验对象,分别组成不同年龄及性别的4个实验组,对下肢主要肌群实行为期5个月的力量训练计划,要求每周训练3次.在实验前后,采用核磁共振(MRI)对大腿及股四头肌中部肌肉横断面积(MCSA)进行扫描与测定,并计算相应的肌肉量.结果:实验结束后,各组股四头肌肌肉量较实验前均有显著增加(P＜0.01),组间无显著性差异;股四头肌与大腿总肌肉量之间存在正相关(r=0.65;P＜0.01),大腿肌肉量与大腿中部MCSA也存在正相关(r=0.76;P＜0.01).结论:1)力量训练后,年龄和性别两个因素均不对人体肌肉量的变化产生影响;2)与测量大腿中部MCSA相比,大腿或股四头肌肌肉量的测定对研究力量训练引起的骨骼肌肥大更为精确和恰当.     

电刺激方法对肌肉力量、柔韧性及综合效果研究现状分析

电刺激方法已成为现代运动训练的重要手段之一。但电刺激在发展肌肉力量的同时对柔韧性的影响还有待进一步研究。对电刺激在发展肌肉力量及电刺激对柔韧性的影响和柔韧性的训练方法等方面作了比较全面的综述,以期为进一步的研究提供参考。     

Reliable and Feasible Fitness Testing for Children on the Autism Spectrum

ABSTRACT

Purpose: This study examined the test-retest reliability and feasibility of select fitness assessments in 7–12 year old children on the autism spectrum. Method: Participants (N = 14; n = 1 female; Mage = 9.5 ± 1.7 years) completed 7 fitness assessments, administered in a random order, on two occasions: Bruce protocol; Modified 6-minute walk test (M6MWT); Wingate anaerobic cycling test; muscle power sprint test (MPST); sit & reach; standing long jump; and grip strength. Intraclass correlations (two-way mixed with absolute agreement) were computed to examine test-retest reliability. Feasibility was assessed by questionnaire following the first administration of each test. Results: The Wingate (ICC = .956), standing long jump (ICC = .925), grip strength (ICC = .913), and sit and reach (ICC = .829) tests demonstrated good- to- excellent reliability, while the Bruce protocol (ICC = .811), M6MWT (ICC = .510), and MPST (ICC = .703) demonstrated moderate- to- good reliability based on the 95% confidence intervals of the ICC. All tests demonstrated assessor-rated feasibility scores of 70/100 or higher and child-rated feasibility scores of 66/100 or higher. Conclusion: The results demonstrate moderate- to excellent test-retest reliability for select fitness tests. Short, single-instruction (e.g., standing long jump) tests may be more reliable than lengthier assessments (e.g., M6MWT) in this population. Implications of this work include the ability of practitioners and researchers to feasibly and reliably measure the fitness of school-aged children on the autism spectrum for ongoing health and behavioural monitoring and intervention purposes.     

振动训练对大鼠骨骼肌力量、IGF-1和myostatin表达的影响及相关性研究

目的测定12周振动训练引起大鼠骨骼肌的力量、IGF-1、Myostatin基因的表达和血清GH、C、T、IGF-1、Myostatin浓度的变化,观察振动训练引起机体内分子水平和组织水平的一系列变化,探索振动训练的生物学机制。方法根据不同训练周期随机将32只雄性SD大鼠,分为4组:安静对照组(CC)、急性振动组(MO)、8周振动组(MM)、12周振动组(ML)。急性振动训练组训练后即刻取材、其他组训练结束后休息12 h后取材,测定腓肠肌质量相关指标、CK活性;通过RT-PCR测定IGF-1mRNA、myostatin mRNA相对表达量,血清GH、C、T、IGF-1、Myostatin浓度采用放射免疫法测定。结果与安静对照组相比,急性振动组血清GH、C、T水平显著上升,骨骼肌力量显著增加;8周振动组血清GH、T水平显著升高,C显著下降,IGF-1表达显著上升,Myostatin表达显著下降,骨骼肌力量显著增加;12周振动组血清GH、T水平显著降低,C显著升高,IGF-1表达显著降低,Myostatin表达显著上升,骨骼肌力量显著下降。结论振动训练也具有明显的代谢效应,其影响IGF-1mRNA和MyostatinmRNA表达的机制可能是通过血清IGF-1、Myostatin与GH、T相互作用来完成的。Myostatin可以作为一种新的肌肉力量评价指标,但是应用于训练效果的监控和运动员机能的评定需要做进一步研究。     

小学生膝关节伸肌最大等速肌力自然发育的年龄和性别特征研究

采用测试方法,研究7～12岁阶段240名小学生膝关节伸肌最大等速肌力自然发育的年龄和性别特征.研究发现1)膝关节伸肌最大等速肌力的自然发育随年龄增加而增长,年增长率为13.2 Nm;2)膝关节伸肌最大等速肌力的自然发育无明显性别差异;3)大腿围度的增长速度明显小于最大等速肌力,二者之间呈中度相关.     

慢性低氧跑台训练对大鼠体重及骨骼肌肌原纤维ATPase活性的影响

为了观察慢性低氧及跑台训练对大鼠体重及骨骼肌横桥ATPase活性的影响,取健康SD雄性大鼠32只,随机分成4组:慢性对照组(Cm)、常氧训练组(OT28)、低氧安静组(HC28)和低氧训练组(HT28)。用比色法测定骨骼肌肌原纤维ATPase活性。结果:经过28天慢性实验,各组大鼠体重出现明显差异;与常氧对照组相比,各组体重均显著降低(P<0 05),且HT0 05)。提示动物可能已出现一定程度的低氧习服,安静时肌原纤维ATPase活性变化不如急性实验结果那么明显。     

三种不同强度耐力运动训练对大鼠骨骼肌抗氧化酶及MDA含量的影响

文章通过实验研究得出结论小强度耐力训练显著提高慢肌的抗氧化能力;大强度耐力训练显著提高快肌的抗氧化能力。另外,抗氧化酶及MDA含量不仅受强度的影响,而且与肌纤维类型也有密切关系。     

ALS、骨骼肌老化与运动

肌萎缩侧索硬化症（amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS）是一种运动神经元进行性退形性变性疾病，其中家族遗传性ALS约占5%-10％。ALS发病机制不明，目前认为可能主要由编码CuZnSOD的SOD1基因突变引发。随着年龄的增加和骨骼肌的老化，ALS易感性呈上升趋势，表明年龄为其易患因素之一。为了保护患者的肌肉力量对ALS的传统治疗一般推荐避免进行体育运动。然而，越来越多的研究表明，运动对抑制ALS患者的运动能力下降有积极作用。     

运动对胰岛素抵抗大鼠骨骼肌IRS-1与Tyr磷酸化及氧化应激的影响

目的研究运动对胰岛素抵抗大鼠骨骼肌IRS-1表达与酪氨酸磷酸化及MDA水平的影响,探讨运动改善骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗的机制。方法 22只SD雄性大鼠随机分为3组,空白对照组(CG)6只,胰岛素抵抗组(IRG)与胰岛素抵抗运动(EIRG)各8只,采用高脂膳食对IRG和EIRG大鼠诱导胰岛素抵抗模型。EIRG大鼠进行10周游泳训练,运动后测定各组大鼠骨骼肌IRS-1表达和其酪氨酸磷酸化水平及MDA含量。结果采用高脂膳食诱导胰岛素抵抗模型成功;运动干预后与CG比较I,RG大鼠骨骼肌IRS-1表达及其Tyr磷酸化水平显著降低(P<0.01),MDA含量与HOMA-IR显著升高(P<0.01);与IRG比较,EIRG大鼠骨骼肌IRS-1表达升高(P<0.05)I,RS-1Tyr磷酸化水平也显著增加(P<0.01);同时,胰岛素抵抗指数与MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05);MDA含量与IRS-1表达(r:-0.583;P:0.004)及其Tyr磷酸化水平(r:-0.634;P:0.002)均呈负相关。结论运动可提高胰岛素抵抗大鼠骨骼肌IRS-1蛋白表达,增加IRS-1 Tyr磷酸化水平,显著改善胰岛素抵抗;这可能主要与骨骼肌氧化应激降低诱导其IRS-1Tyr磷酸化水平增高有关。     

骨骼肌的力-长度-速度三者之间的关系

长度—力和力—速度关系是骨骼肌收缩的两个最重要的性质 ,但用其描述骨骼肌性质时仍有局限性。介绍了Baratta等的表示力、长度和速度三者之间关系的数学模型和用大白鼠小腿肌肉所做的验证实验 ,用三维曲面从一个新的视角描述骨骼肌的性质     

瑜伽练习对中年女性体成分和静态平衡能力的影响

通过对专业瑜伽馆持续参加三年以上瑜伽练习和不参加体育锻炼的中年女性进行体成分、平衡功能的测试研究。结果表明长期进行瑜伽练习能够有效改善中年女性的身体成分、提高静态平衡能力。     

Stressors,coping, and coping effectiveness: Gender,type of sport,and skill differences

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine stressors, coping, and coping effectiveness as a function of gender, type of sport, and skill. The sample consisted of 749 undergraduate athletes (455 males, 294 females) aged 18 – 38 years (mean = 19.8 years). Skill was classified as international/national, county, university, and club standard. Participants completed a stressor and coping concept map (Novak & Gowin, 1984 Novak, J. D. and Gowin, D. B. 1984. Learning how to learn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). The results revealed gender, type of sport, and skill differences in relation to stressor frequencies, coping strategy deployment, and coping effectiveness. In contrast to previous research, females used a variety of problem-focused (e.g. planning, communication, technique-orientated coping) strategies more frequently than males. Team sport athletes reported a variety of sport-specific stressors relating to the demands of playing in a team environment. The group of national/international athletes reported using more planning, blocking, and visualization, and also reported that their coping was more effective than that of less-skilled athletes.     

运动,活性氧与阿尔茨海默病

对近些年来关于ROS在AD发生发展中的机理进行分析,探讨运动预防及延缓AD发生的机制;活性氧（reac-tive oxygen species,ROS）在阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer s disease,AD）中的作用机理以及运动对活性氧诱导的阿尔茨海默病的影响。结果表明：AD的发生发展与活性氧密切相关,活性氧参与AD病理性特征的老年斑和神经纤维缠结形成,并且促进神经元死亡。运动作为干预条件可以有效地预防和延缓活性氧诱导的AD症。活性氧对AD的发生起重要作用,运动可预防和延缓AD的发生。