A Comparison of Autonomic Nervous System Activity between Physically Trained and Untrained Individuals

Abstract

The study is concerned with the comparison of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity between highly trained collegiate track and field athletes and untrained individuals. An ANS test battery consisting of six individual measures of autonomic activity was used: (a) sublingual temperature, (b) salivary output, (c) volar skin resistance, (d) palmar skin resistance, (e) diastolic blood pressure, and (f) heart period. One group of athletes, track runners, were found to have a mean autonomic balance score significantly higher (at the .02 level) than the norm group of college students. The autonomic scores of field event athletes, however, were not significantly different from the norm. An analysis of the type of ANS activity demonstrated by the runners showed a dominance by the parasympathetic as compared to a mixed pattern demonstrated by the normative sample. It was concluded that highly trained track runners demonstrated a significantly higher autonomic balance score than did normal college students, and that their resting autonomic pattern was predominantly parasympathetic. There was evidence to indicate that equality of performance in the running events in track, and possibly other athletic events, may be partially predictable from autonomic balance scores.     

中外女排强队训练理念的比较

笔者长期在国内一线女排运动队从事体能训练和伤病防治康复工作,通过对中外女排强队训练理念的对比分析,对排球的训练理念、方法及伤病防治提出一些思考,希望排球届人士从中能得到一些启发。一、中外女排训练周期安排的比较训练周期从时间上讲可以是一次训练课、一个训练阶段或一个训练周期。1.一年比赛的周期安排作为高水平的排球运动员,一年比赛周期可分为两个:职业联赛和国家队比赛。联赛赛期一般从当年12月初至次年3月     

应用主观疲劳量表量化运动负荷的研究进展

主观疲劳量表（Rating of Perceived Exertion,RPE）是一种在国内外被广泛采用的运动负荷量化评估手段。基于对国内外体育科学研究相关领域的数据库的文献综述,对采用单次运动RPE（session Rating of Perceived Exertion,sRPE）方法的研究和文献进行综述,发现：（1）已经有很多国内外的研究证实sRPE量化评估运动负荷方法的有效性和可靠性,可适用于多种项目、男性和女性、多个年龄段和水平层次的运动员的不同内容或类型的运动或训练,sRPE与客观指标之间具有较高的相关性;（2）sRPE量化评估运动负荷方法具有生态效用,可以适用于一个更长远的训练周期（比如一年甚至多年）,还可用于计算训练单调性,分析运动损伤的发生风险,有助于优化训练分期,优化训练节奏,保持训练一致性,避免过度负荷甚至过度训练和运动损伤;（3）sRPE量化评估运动负荷的结果与教练员之间的关系的研究较少,尤其有关教练员主观判断的训练课前sRPE与运动员训练课后的sRPE之间的关系的研究,同时有研究报告一些社会学等因素可能会对sRPE量化评估运动负荷造成影响;（4）当前国内缺乏针对青少年运动员、不同项目运动员在不同训练类型和训练分期中应用sRPE量化评估的研究,以及中文文本的sRPE量表的有效性与可靠性的研究。     

大学生网球比赛和专项训练时运动负荷的比较分析

根据专业网球比赛负荷特点设计大学生网球专项训练方案,通过比较大学生网球比赛和专项训练的负荷因素,揭示大学生网球比赛的运动负荷特征和专业网球比赛的差异性,为大学生网球专项训练提供科学依据。     

Market reactions to sport sponsorship announcements: Comparison between sponsors and their rivals

In this study, the authors investigate the impact of sport sponsorship announcements on the stock prices of sponsors and their rivals in Japan. The event study analyses show that while market reactions for Japanese sponsors are significantly positive, those for rivals are significantly negative. Thus, in Japan, sponsorships might help sponsors build a competitive advantage over their rivals. During 2010–2014, market reactions for sponsors are significantly more negative but less so when the sponsored party is Japanese.     

Developing Coincident Timing Skill in Children: A Comparison of Training Methods

Abstract

The present study attempted to determine whether the nature of training experiences influences the development of coincident timing skill in young children. The task involved visual tracking of a moving light sequence and a 43 cm arm movement to a padded target. Subjects attempted to tap the target coincident with the completion of the light sequence. Sixty first grade children were randomly assigned to one of five groups, with an equal number of males and females in each group. Subjects assigned to the training groups received 48 trials on each of two days, with stimulus speeds that were either slow (179 cm/sec or 4 mph), fast (313 cm/sec or 7 mph), varied-random (179, 224, 268, 313 cm/sec or 4, 5, 6, 7 mph), or varied-blocked (i.e., 6 consecutive trials with one speed before changing to another). Control subjects performed a neutral coloring activity during the training phase of the experiment. All subjects were then given 10 trials on a third day with each of two stimulus speeds not experienced previously; one slow (134 cm/sec or 3 mph) and one fast (358 cm/sec or 8 mph). During transfer trials all groups were more accurate with the fast than with the slow speed stimulus. Training method mattered most during slow speed transfer trials, with the most accurate performance demonstrated by the group receiving varied-blocked speeds during training. The least effective methods were fast speed training, especially for males, and varied-random speed training. It was concluded that training sessions for the development of coincident timing skill in young children should emphasize slower speed stimuli and blocking of additional speeds which are more rapid.     

中美两国体育院校课程设置与专业方向的比较分析

通过中美两国体育院校课程设置与专业方向的比较分析，以求借鉴美国的一些先进经验，结合我国的国情，制定出适合我国体育院校的专业课程，来解决当前体育院系毕业生就业难的实际问题。     

世居高原运动员高、平原训练与比赛期间部分生理指标对比研究

目的探讨世居高原运动员在平原比赛期间运动员各项生理、生化指标的变化规律,为教练员科学安排比赛周期,进行运动监控提供依据.方法:选取西宁体校6名世居高原青少年田径径赛运动员,分别对高原训练和平原比赛期进行了4次测试.结果经过高原训练后、在平原比赛期间,随着比赛时间的延长,基础心律和血压逐渐下降,红细胞生成素、血红蛋白和红细胞计数下降都较为明显,且血红蛋白的下降先于红细胞计数;血清睾酮持续升高,血清皮质醇有所降低,其比值明显升高;血清生长激素水平明显升高;血清肌酸激酶和血清尿素氮下降明显.结论:世居高原运动员到达平原7天后,运动员的各项生理指标发生改变.所以世居高原运动员应把握好下高原的时间.以免下高原过早,使运动员的心功能下降和红细胞过多的消耗;世居高原耐力性运动员也应多进行平原训练,以促进机体内蛋白质的合成,使肌肉获得较大力量.     

高强度间歇训练与中强度持续训练对中国超重或肥胖人群干预效果比较的Meta分析

目的：利用Meta分析的方法比较高强度间歇训练（High-Intensity Interval Training，HⅡT）与中强度持续训练（Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training，MICT）对中国超重或肥胖人群干预作用的有效性。方法：在中英文电子数据库中检索2017年12月之前所有相关的临床随机对照研究文献，并对参考文献进行相关文献的补充检索，利用Review Manager 5.3软件合并效应量。结果：研究共纳入13篇研究，HⅡT组和MICT组分别纳入214例和208例成年超重或肥胖患者。结果显示：HⅡT降低超重或肥胖患者体脂百分数[WMD=-1.23（95%CI=-2.31，-0.15），I²=68%]及提高最大摄氧量（VO_2max）[WMD=1.02（95%CI=0.14，1.90），I²=0%]的能力优于MICT；而HⅡT和MICT对体重、BMI（Body mass index）、瘦体重（LBM，Lean Body Mass）、腰围、臀围及腰臀比（Waist-to-Hip Ratio，WHR）的改变无显著差异。结论：平均10.5周（3次/周以上）的最大摄氧量（VO_2max）为85％~95％的高强度间歇训练（HⅡT）处方治疗降低中国超重或肥胖患者体脂量的能力优于中强度持续训练（MICT），但对其他体测指标方面两种运动没有差异。     

A Comparison of Training and Competition Demands in Semiprofessional Male Basketball Players

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare training and competition demands in basketball. Methods: Fifteen semiprofessional male basketball players wore microsensors during physical conditioning training (PCT), games-based training (GBT), and competition to measure absolute and relative (·min^?1) PlayerLoad^TM (PL) and estimated equivalent distance (EED). Internal responses were calculated using absolute and relative session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and summated heart rate zones (SHRZ). Integrated measures were calculated as sRPE:PL and SHRZ:PL ratios. Results: PlayerLoad (arbitrary units [AU]) and EED (m) were statistically significantly (p < .05) higher during PCT (632 ± 139 AU, d = 1.36; 5,964 ± 1,312 m, d = 1.36; 6.50 ± 0.81 AU·min^?1, d = 2.44; 61.88 ± 7.22 m·min^?1, d = 2.60) and GBT (624 ± 113 AU, d = 1.54; 5,892 ± 1,080 m, d = 1.53; 6.10 ± 0.77 AU·min^?1, d = 2.14; 56.76 ± 6.49 m·min^?1, d = 2.22) than they were during competition (449 ± 118 AU; 3,722 ± 1474 m; 4.35 ± 1.09 AU·min^?1; 41.01 ± 10.29 m·min^?1). Summated heart rate zones were statistically significantly (p < .05) higher during PCT (314 ± 86 AU, d = 1.05; 3.22 ± 0.50 AU·min^?1, d = 1.94) and GBT (334 ± 79 AU, d = 1.38; 3.19 ± 0.54 AU·min^?1, d = 1.83) than they were during competition (225 ± 77 AU; 2.17 ± 0.69 AU·min^?1). The ratio of sRPE:PL was statistically significantly (p < .05) higher during competition (1.58 ± 0.85) than during PCT (0.98 ± 0.22, d = 1.44) and GBT (0.91 ± 0.24, d = 1.90). Conclusion: Training demands exceeded competition demands.     

A Theory-Based Comparison of the Reliabilities of Fixed-Length and Trials-to-Criterion Scoring of Physical Education Skills Tests

Abstract

The reliabilities of two types of measurement plans were compared across six hypothetical distributions of true scores or abilities. The measurement plans consisted of a fixed-length plan (FL), where the number of trials for all examinees is fixed in advance, and the trials-to-criterion plan (TTC), where the number of successful trials is fixed, and examinees continue until this criterion is reached. The comparisons revealed that for most hypothetical distributions considered, the FL plan produced higher test reliabilities. In certain cases of negative skewness, however, the TTC plan was superior. Two formulae were presented for the estimation of the reliability of a TTC test.     

近40年训练理论中国化研究:问题与反思

采用文献法、历史与逻辑、科学哲学、复杂性科学等方法,从"史"和"论"两个维度展开讨论,着力阐释三个问题:第一,训练理论中国化研究基本范式;第二,训练理论中国化问题谱系的反思,明确训练理论中国化的理论前提;其三,展望训练理论中国化未来进路。研究认为,教材研究、原理研究、与西方对话研究三种研究是训练理论中国化基本范式。其中"教材研究范式"决定着训练理论中国化图景的根本性质和基本结构,其他研究范式起到补充作用。从打破"教材研究范式"壁垒、超越简单性方法和构建高水平运动员训练理论三个维度对训练理论中国化重点问题谱系的反思,提醒我们训练理论研究范式不是一成不变的,要寻求多样性、差异化的发展;不能将训练理论在特定的历史语境中的"简单性"方法论奉为"中国化"的永恒真理。     

中、日、韩青少年足球运动员培养体系的比较研究

采用对比分析方法,对中、日、韩青少年足球运动员的培养体系中的培养途径、培养目标、教练员队伍建设、训练和教学理念、竞赛体系等诸多因素进行全面的比较研究,深入认识中、日、韩青少年足球运动员培养体系的异同,分析各自的优点与不足,提出了中国青少年足球运动员培养应制定符合我国实际的培养体系,以推动我国青少年足球工作的不断改善。     

体育院校田径运动员身体、技术一体化训练的研究

对体育院校运动员训练的现状与特点进行分析，就如何在田径训练中以专项技术、速度和力量素质为核心的训练等问题进行探讨。提出把身体训练、技术训练一体化，力求用少而精、讲究质量的训练方法和手段来较快提高运动员的成绩。     

中美体育法学研究现状比较及对体育法学学科建设的探讨

对中美体育法学研究的各自特点进行了分析和对比，指出了目前中国体育法学研究存在的问题；在上述分析的基础上，对体育法学学科体系化建设的必要性和可能性进行了分析，并对体育法学学科建设的重要方面提出了具体的思路和见解，指出对“体育”的明确定义、对学科价值目标的确定、对学科研究对象、内容和体系结构的确定以及形成自身成熟的方法论，是目前构建体育法学形成学科体系框架的主要任务。     

Linear Acceleration Measurement Utilizing Inter-Instrument Synchronization: A Comparison between Accelerometers and Motion-Based Tracking Approaches

Where as video cameras are a reliable and established technology for the measurement of kinematic parameters, accelerometers are increasingly being employed for this type of measurement due to their ease of use, performance, and comparatively low cost. However, the majority of accelerometer-based studies involve a single channel due to the difficulty associated with synchronizing multiple accelerometer channels. The authors of this article outline a method to synchronize multiple accelerometers using a maxima detection method. Results are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the new synchronization method with 52 of 54 recorded data sets showing no time lag error and two tests showing an error of .04 sec. Inter-instrument and instrument-video correlations are all greater than r = .94 (p < .01), with inter-instrument precision (Root Mean Square Error; RMSE) ≈ .1ms^?2, demonstrating the efficacy of the technique. In conclusion, the new technique offers a robust solution, giving further support to the movement toward wider adoption of accelerometer-based performance measurement systems in sports science.     

采用软式排球与传统排球授课对教学效果影响的比较研究

比较研究表明，采用软式排球内容授课较之传统排球内容授课，学生表现出的学习态度更为积极，注意力水平更为集中，更利于学生掌握排球运动技术。     

比较与批判:生理学与方法学视野下的分期与板块训练理论

运动训练的安排问题一直是分期理论与板块理论争论的焦点。分期理论的支持者认为,此理论具有广泛的经验性、科学—实验性和理论—方法性基础,当今的运动训练仍要坚持分期理论的训练原则与原理;板块理论的支持者认为,在高级运动员全年要参加多次比赛的背景下,应在短时间内通过集中负荷效应发展专项能力。运用文献资料法、比较分析法,从生理学与方法学层面对分期理论与板块理论进行探讨。认为:分期训练理论符合人体超量恢复原理,建立在马克思主义哲学与系统论的方法学基础上;板块训练理论与集中负荷长期延迟效应存在矛盾,运动训练安排存在片面性与孤立性。     

孟浩然、王维山水诗的比较

孟浩然和王维山水诗的共同点是写自己亲身经历有感而发的事物；语言清新，不事雕琢，看似平常，寓意深远。其差异是：1．孟以儒意写诗与王以禅趣写诗；2．孟诗有我之境与王诗无我之境；3．孟诗无画之境与王诗有画之境。     

对现代奥运会与古代奥运会竞技体育职业化的比较研究

竞技体育职业化已成为奥林匹克运动发展的一种趋势,分析研究竞技体育职业化对古代奥运会和现代奥运会的影响,总结竞技体育职业化的经验教训,对于竞技体育的发展都有着重要的意义。通过现代奥运会与古代奥运会竞技体育职业化的比较研究,为奥林匹克运动的发展提供参考。