Eight-Week Traditional Mat Pilates Training-Program Effects on Adult Fitness Characteristics

We investigated responses of adult, novice practitioners (n = 9) to an 8-week traditional mat Pilates program (P) that met 1 hr/day three times/week. Classes consisted primarily of beginner and intermediate level exercises. Compared to an active control group (C; n = 13) that showed no improvements, those in P significantly (p < .05) improved relative body fat (-1.2%BF), sit-and-reach (+7.5 cm), shoulder reach (+6.9 cm), curl-up (+14 reps), and low back extension (+7 reps) scores, as well as circumferences at the waist (-2.7 cm), chest (-1.7 cm), and arm (-0.5 cm). Baseline differences were noted only for curl-ups and low back extensions, with P being lower than C. Body composition, muscular endurance, and flexibility significantly improved after 8 weeks of traditional mat Pilates.     

蛋白质组学及其技术在运动人体科学中的研究

蛋白质组学是继基因组学后的重要研究方向之一,它对于分析样本间差异蛋白图谱,揭示运动训练对机体的内在影响,寻找有意义的蛋白标志物有重要作用。对蛋白质组学数据来源、主要技术及其在运动人体科学中的应用研究进行了综述,以期进一步促进蛋白质组学研究在体育科学中的发展。     

振动训练对速滑运动员下肢肌力影响的实验研究

将振动训练运用在速滑运动员力量训练中,经过8周训练后观察训练效果,以探讨振动训练对速滑运动员下肢力量的改善效应。将16名吉林省速滑队女运动员分为两组,分别采用常规力量训练与常规训练和振动训练相结合的方式训练。实验结果表明:8周振动频率为30Hz,振幅为2mm的振动训练与常规力量训练相结合,能够有效地提高速滑运动员力量的训练效果。尽管8周振动力量训练对提高速滑运动员下肢肌群的最大力量无明显优势,但能显著性提高下肢肌群爆发力与耐力水平,同时能够有效提高速滑运动员的下蹲跳成绩。     

Philosophical reflections on the mission of the European College of Sport Science: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract

The European College of Sport Science (ECSS) was established in part to promote the integrated study of sports and related phenomena from multi- and interdisciplinary perspectives. There are significant and enduring philosophical, epistemological and professional challenges and opportunities that arise from this integrationist perspective. In this article, we reflect upon the challenges that have arisen in the development of sport sciences in the attempt to realize the ECSS mission. We identify three paradigmatic approaches to sports science: (1) the mechanistic; (2) the hermeneutic and (3) the critical. We critically evaluate these paradigms and their potential within the broad framework of integrationist ambitions for sports science as a scientific field.     

The influence of different footwear on 3-D kinematics and muscle activation during the barbell back squat in males

Abstract

The barbell back squat is commonly used by athletes participating in resistance training. The barbell squat is typically performed using standard athletic shoes, or specially designed weightlifting footwear, although there are now a large number of athletes who prefer to squat barefoot or in barefoot-inspired footwear. This study aimed to determine how these footwear influence 3-D kinematics and muscle activation potentials during the barbell back squat. Fourteen experienced male participants completed squats at 70% 1 rep max in each footwear condition. 3-D kinematics from the torso, hip, knee and ankle were measured using an eight-camera motion analysis system. In addition, electromyographical (EMG) measurements were obtained from the rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, erector spinae and biceps femoris muscles. EMG parameters and joint kinematics were compared between footwear using repeated-measures analyses of variance. Participants were also asked to subjectively rate which footwear they preferred when performing their squat lifts; this was examined a chi-squared test. The kinematic analysis indicated that, in comparison to barefoot the running shoe was associated with increased squat depth, knee flexion and rectus femoris activation. The chi-squared test was significant and showed that participants preferred to squat barefoot. This study supports anecdotal evidence of athletes who prefer to train barefoot or in barefoot-inspired footwear although no biomechanical evidence was found to support this notion.     

运动学--未来体育与竞技的整合

从美国大学体育系改名入手，探讨了体育和竞技在命名中的问题，指出运动学是未来体育和竞技的整合，并对运动学的就业进行研究。通过对国外最新体育科技的介绍，以期对国内体育院系的发展提供借鉴及为国内体育理论的研究提供新的视角。     

Biomechanical insights into the determinants of speed in the fencing lunge

For fencing, speed of the lunge is considered critical to success. The aim of this study is to investigate determinants of lunge speed based on biomechanics. Ground reaction force (GRF) and three-dimensional kinematic data were collected from 7 elite fencers and 12 intermediate-level fencers performing maximum-effort lunges. The results showed that elite fencers acquired a higher horizontal peak velocity of the centre of gravity (HPV) and concomitantly a higher horizontal peak GRF exerted by rear leg (PGRF) than intermediate-level fencers (P?P?P?P?≤?.05). Our findings suggest that training aimed at enhancing strength and power of rear knee extensors is important for fencers to improve speed of the lunge. Also, increasing the extension of rear knee during the lunge, at the same time decreasing the flexion of the forward knee before extension are positive for lunge performance.     

不同快速降体重量对肌肉功能的影响

目的:探讨不同快速降体重量对肌肉功能的影响;方法:以12名健康男生为实验对象,测定脱水前(0%bw l)、桑拿脱水快速降体重2%(2%bw l)、桑拿脱水快速降体重4%(4%bw l)这3种不同体重状态下最大等速肌力、等速肌耐力与无氧作功能力;在测定无氧作功能力时,结合运用主观用力程度等级评价量表(RPE),对肌肉功能进行系统评价;结果:1)2%bw l和4%bw l对肌肉的最大等速力量均没有削弱作用;2%bw l后,屈肘肌群的最大等速肌力反而增大。2)2%bw l对屈、伸肘肌群以及屈、伸膝肌群的等速肌耐力均没有影响;4%bw l后,屈肘肌群与屈、伸膝肌群的等速肌耐力不变,而伸肘肌群的等速肌耐力显著性下降。3)2%bw l和4%bw l对下肢的无氧耐力没有削弱作用。     

对我国优秀女子速滑运动员直道滑行技术的运动学分析

运用三维摄像DLT法,对我国优秀女子速滑运动员直道滑行技术进行运动学分析,结果表明:我国优秀女子速滑运动员各动作阶段时间比例不合理,自由滑行时间和单支撑时间偏长,降低了蹬冰频率,影响蹬冰效果;运动员大腿带动小腿蹬冰动作不明显,在单支撑蹬冰阶段应加大髋关节的蹬伸幅度,这样有利于发挥肌肉力量,提高蹬冰效果;在整个蹬冰过程中单支撑蹬冰阶段膝关节伸展幅度过小,造成消极蹬冰,影响肌力发挥。     

不同频率电针对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后神经与骨骼肌组织形态学的影响

赛前训练的竞技状态调控中存在着许多“时间生物学”和“时间运动学”规律,运用这些规律调控赛前竞技状态,对提高赛前训练安排的科学性具有重要作用。通过对田径、游泳、羽毛球和射击等项目的教练员和专家、学者进行有关影响赛前训练的时间因素的调查,确立了包括“时间生物学因素”和“时间运动学因素”在内的14个影响赛前训练效益的具体时间因素,并对这些时间因素对赛前训练的重要程度进行了排序。还对这些因素在赛前训练中的调控理论与方法进行了分析,并提出了一些新的观点和建议。在此基础上,进一步确立了一个“优秀运动员赛前中短期训练阶段的时间学整体结构及整体调控模式的构想”,并据此设计了具体的赛前训练时间学调控方案。     

Vitamin D in relation to bone health and muscle function in young female soccer players

The present work investigated serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) status in relation to bone and muscle qualities and functions in 19 female soccer players (13–16 years) resident at northern latitude with very low sun exposure (～32–36?h/month) during winter season (late January to early March). Serum 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone and bone turnover markers osteocalcin (OC) and beta carboxy-terminal collagen cross-links (β-Ctx), as well as body composition and muscle performance were examined. Hormones were tested using routine laboratory methods. Fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral density in whole body, as well as femur and lumbar spine were evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Muscle performance was assessed through isokinetic knee extension and flexion, countermovement jump, and sprint running. 25(OH)D was low (50.5?±?12.8?nmol?l^?1), whereas the values of bone turnover markers were markedly high (OC: 59.4?±?18.6?µg?l^?1; β-Ctx: 1075?±?408?ng?l^?1). All bone and muscle measurements were normal or above normal. 25(OH)D was not significantly correlated with most of the parameters of bone and muscle quality or function, except the knee extension time to peak torque (r ?=??0.50, p?=?.03). In conclusion, the level of vitamin D is markedly low in adolescent female soccer players during the winter in Sweden. However, vitamin D levels did not significantly correlate with measures of bone and muscle except a moderate correlation in time to peak torque in the knee extensors. The practical implication of low vitamin D levels in young growing female athletes remains unclear.     

蛋白质组技术及其在运动人体科学中的应用展望

研究目的:展望蛋白质组技术在运动人体科学中的应用。研究方法:采用综述的方法阐述蛋白质组的概念、主要研究技术及其在生物、医学领域的主要意义。研究结果和结论:蛋白质组技术将广泛应用于运动人体科学研究,有助于提高大众健康及运动员竞技水平     

篮球运动员耐力素质训练研究

篮球运动以其对抗性强、技术动作复杂、战术多样、高强度、观赏性较高等特点成为了大众最喜爱的运动之一。也正是其特点要求篮球运动以耐力速度型、对抗性身体练习为主,以保证运动员在激烈的比赛中能准确地投篮得分。这表明篮球运动不单纯是技能类运动项目,而且对体能也有很高要求的运动项目。正因如此,篮球运动发展正朝着越来越灵活,攻防转换迅速,强调个人和集体作战能力的协调为主要的进攻方向,使得篮球运动员的耐力在篮球比赛中就愈发显得极其重要。     

跳远运动学影响因素的灰色关联分析

对优秀跳远运动员跳远成绩的影响因素进行灰色理论分析，以寻求各影响因素的影响度。研究结果表明因素关联度依次为起跳水平速度、助跑速度、起跳速度、速度利用率、起跳垂直速度和起跳角。