场地自行车男子1km计时赛、竞速赛运动员个体速度耐力特征的分析

分析自行车运动员在场地1 km计时赛和竞速赛中的专项数据变化规律,并与常用的速耐训练方法进行比较分析,探讨两个项目的专项速度耐力特征,为指导专项训练提供实验依据。1 km计时赛中,运动员往往在最后300 m左右出现体能的明显降低、专项速度耐力下降的现象。竞速赛中三道队员如果不能在前两圈跟骑过程中有效的节省体力,会在第三圈的后半圈出现耐力降低的专项特点。在短距离自行车专项训练中,专项速度耐力应当作为训练重点常抓不懈,并使用合适的传动比和贴近专项的训练方法,使专项训练强度能够保证比赛要求。     

高校400米跑运动员速度耐力的训练方法

从生理、生化角度进行分析,结合国内外优秀400米跑运动员的情况,阐明速度耐力是提高400米跑速的关键。针对高校400米跑现状,探讨发展速度耐力、提高400米跑成绩的方法。     

上海女足运动员专项速度耐力测试方法的研究

通过实验室、场地速度耐力相关指标的测试和相关因素的分析,检验场地测试速度耐力方法的可靠性,为上海女运动员的体能测试组中速度耐力测试提供科学、有效的方法。结果显示：30m疲劳测试方法可以作为上海女足运动员的专项速度耐力测试方法,平均速度这一指标可以有效地反映上海女足运动员的专项速度耐力,该方法简单可靠,可操作性强,可以为上海女足运动员的专项速度耐力训练效果的评定提供科学的量化标准。     

少年和成年业余长跑运动员急性耐力运动后心脏自主神经恢复观察研究

目的:观察少年和成年男子业余跑运动员一次急性耐力运动后心率变异(HRV)变化特征,并探讨运动后HRV变化生理学意义。方法:少年(14.4±1.3岁)与成年(25.7±2.8岁)受试者各10名,进行1次90min、强度为95%个体无氧阈强度跑台运动。在运动前、运动后15min以及运动后6h测定HRV。结果:运动后15min,TPLn、HFnu和HRV各时域指标明显低于运动前水平,LFnu和LF/HF显著升高;少年受试者HFnu降幅、LFnu和LF/HF升幅明显低于成年受试者(P<0.05)。运动后6h,HRV各指标均已恢复,其中,TPLn、SDNN、HFnu和RMSSD有反弹的迹象。运动后HFnu相对运动前的降幅与受试者年龄呈负相关关系(r=-0.645,P<0.01,n=20);另外,HFnu、TPLn相对运动前降低程度与运动前水平高度负相关(P<0.05,n=20)。结论:一次急性耐力运动后HRV出现短暂抑制现象,少年受试者运动后HRV降低幅度相对成年较低,可能与发育成熟度不同有关,急性运动后HRV变化可能是运动适应的生理表现。     

Impact of a Submaximal Warm-Up on Endurance Performance in Highly Trained and Competitive Male Runners

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a submaximal running warm-up on running performance in male endurance athletes (n = 16, M_age = 21 ± 2 years, M_VO2max = 69.3 ± 5.1 mL/kg/min). Method: Endurance performance was determined by a 30-min distance trial after control and submaximal running warm-up conditions in a randomized crossover fashion. The warm-up began with 5 min of quiet sitting, followed by 6 min of submaximal running split into 2-min intervals at speeds corresponding to 45%, 55%, and 65% maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max). A 2-min walk at 3.2 km/hr concluded the 13-min warm-up protocol. For the control condition, participants sat quietly for 13 min. VO₂ and heart rate (HR) were determined at Minutes 0, 5, and 13 of the pre-exercise protocol in each condition. Results: At the end of 13 min prior to the distance trial, mean VO₂ (warm-up = 14.1 ± 2.2 mL/kg/min vs. control = 5.5 ± 1.7 mL/kg/min) and mean HR (warm-up = 105 ± 11 bpm vs. control = 67 ± 11 bpm) were statistically greater (p < .001) in the warm-up condition compared with the control condition. The distance run did not statistically differ (p = .37) between the warm-up (7.8 ± 0.5 km) and control (7.7 ± 0.6 km) conditions; however, effect size calculation revealed a small effect (d = 0.2) in favor of the warm-up condition. Thus, the warm-up employed may have important and practical implications to determine placing among high-level athletes in close races. Conclusions: These findings suggest a submaximal running warm-up may have a small but critical effect on a 30-min distance trial in competitive endurance athletes. Further, the warm-up elicited increases in physiological variables VO₂ and HR prior to performance; thus, a submaximal specific warm-up should warrant consideration.     

Reliability of 5-km Running Performance in a Competitive Environment

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of a 5-km time-trial during a competitive outdoor running event. Fifteen endurance runners (age = 29.5 ± 4.3 years, height = 1.75 ± 0.08 m, body mass = 71.0 ± 7.1 kg, 5-km lifetime personal best = 19:13 ± 1:13 minutes) completed two competitive 5-km time-trials over 2 weeks. No systematic differences in run time between Trial 1 and Trial 2 were reported (Trial 1: 1,217 ± 85 sec, 95% CI [1,170, 1,264]; and Trial 2: 1,216 ± 79 sec, [1,172 to 1,260], p = .855). Absolute reliability, expressed as the typical error (TE; 14.7 sec, 95% CI = 11.3–21.4 sec) and coefficient of variation (CV; 0.95 ± 0.65%, [0.59–1.31]) confirms the reliability of 5-km running performance in a competitive time trial.     

丙酮酸和二羟丙酮补充对机体代谢和有氧耐力的影响

丙酮酸和二羟丙酮都是糖代谢过程中的三碳化合物。长期丙酮酸和二羟丙酮补充可以降低体脂和延缓体重获得,这种变化可能与体脂消耗和热量损失上升有关。丙酮酸和二羟丙酮补充也可以改善胰岛素敏感性和降低高胆固醇膳食所致的血浆胆固醇水平。另外,长期丙酮酸和二羟丙酮补充还可以提高有氧耐力成绩,其机制可能与血糖利用率增加因而节省肌糖元有关。长期补充丙酮酸和二羟丙酮可有利于疾病预防和提高运动成绩。     

试论无氧阈跑速作为耐力测试指标的必要性及可行性

800 m、1 000 m跑测试是在用一个以无氧代谢供能为主的运动项目评测人的有氧耐力,成绩不能客观反映机体的有氧耐力水平,不能引导学生科学锻炼,还会让受试者承受较大的心理负荷,不利于运动兴趣培养和终生体育生活方式的养成,且在800 m、1 000 m跑测试中频频发生意外。研究认为,可用无氧阈跑速做耐力评测指标,它能确切反映人的有氧耐力水平,引导人们科学锻炼,强度由低到中,安全、简单,可在跑步机或场地上完成。     

力量训练提升马拉松跑者耐力运动表现的研究进展及训练策略

有氧能力的高低是马拉松跑者能否取得优异成绩的关键。最大摄氧量、乳酸阈和跑步经济性是衡量运动员有氧能力和耐力运动表现的关键指标,也是长跑训练效果的核心考量。由于力量和耐力训练对机体产生不同的训练刺激,教练员和运动员很少将力量训练作为提升耐力运动表现的手段,以防止有氧能力受到负面影响。通过对大量文献梳理发现,力量训练可以在不影响机体最大摄氧量和乳酸阈值的前提下,通过改善神经肌肉功能、转换肌纤维类型以及增强肌肉肌腱刚度和利用弹性势能的能力,提高跑步经济性和无氧能力,改善运动员耐力运动表现。本文基于对力量、耐力训练的生理学适应的探讨,总结不同形式力量训练对耐力运动表现的影响与作用机制,并为马拉松选手科学安排力量训练提出建议,从而优化其耐力运动表现。     

国内篮球运动员无氧耐力测试方法的不足——忽视篮球运动专项特征

篮球运动员的体能测试是体能训练科学化的重要步骤,选择符合篮球专项特征的测试方法是进行有效体能测试的前提。综述了国内外关于篮球项目特征及无氧耐力场地测试方法的相关研究。结果发现,我国所选用的关于篮球运动员的无氧耐力测试的方法及计量指标尚存在不足,忽略了结合专项特征带有间歇性质的反复冲刺能力的测试(repeated sprint test)和反复跳跃测试。在此基础上,介绍了同类项群运动员反复冲刺能力和跳跃的测试方法,并总结其设计原理。     

The Reliability of a 5km Run Test on a Motorized Treadmill

The purpose of the present study was to determine the reliability of a 5km run test on a motorized treadmill. Over three consecutive weeks, 12 well-trained runners completed three 5km time trials on a treadmill following a standardized warm-up. Runners were partially-blinded to their running speed and distance covered. Total time to complete the run was recorded for analysis of reliability. The highest intraclass correlation coefficient between trials for 5km time trial (TT) time was .99 (90% confidence intervals [CI]; .96–1.00, very high), which occurred between trials 2 and 3. The lowest typical error of measurement (expressed as a coefficient of variation percentage [CV%] and as an absolute value in seconds) also occurred between trials 2 and 3, and was 1.0% and 10.9 seconds, respectively. The testing protocol performed on a motorized treadmill in the current study is reproducible in well-trained runners following a single trial, making it a reliable method for monitoring running performance.     

大学生耐力跑考试焦虑情绪的调查与分析

为分析大学生对800-1000m耐力考试产生焦虑情绪的现状和成因,通过对上海对外贸易学院318名大学生耐力考试焦虑情绪及其影响因素进行了调查,调查结果显示：有82.7%的学生显示出对耐力考试焦虑。针对不同程度的耐力考试焦虑,提出了几种较为科学的耐力跑辅导策略和调节耐力考试焦虑的心理训练方法。     

YO-YO耐力测试的原理、作用及在足球体能测试中的运用

阐述了YO-YO测试(间歇性耐力测试)的生理学、训练学原理，作用。认为：YO-YO测试是渐增负荷的力竭测试，分别动员了运动员的有氧系统、磷酸盐系统和糖酵解系统供能；YO-YO测试模仿足球运动中的节奏，把体能测试与足球专项运动特点结合起来，评价足球运动员的专项耐力素质。     

有氧与无氧耐力的动态关系及其对当前我国耐力训练的启示

有氧和无氧耐力是耐力项目训练的重点,也是当前运动训练界在世界范围内被广泛关注并极具争议的问题.专项耐力对有氧和无氧能力具有不同的需求,它们二者之间的比例是专项耐力形成的重要依据.同时,有氧和无氧能力在横向和纵向还呈现出相互支撑和制约的动态变化关系,该关系对耐力训练,尤其是专项耐力的训练具有重要的指导作用.     

Reliability of laser Doppler,near-infrared spectroscopy and Doppler ultrasound for peripheral blood flow measurements during and after exercise in the heat

This study examined the test-retest reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and Doppler ultrasound to assess exercise-induced haemodynamics. Nine men completed two identical trials consisting of 25-min submaximal cycling at first ventilatory threshold followed by repeated 30-s bouts of high-intensity (90% of peak power) cycling in 32.8 ± 0.4°C and 32 ± 5% relative humidity (RH). NIRS (tissue oxygenation index [TOI] and total haemoglobin [tHb]) and LDF (perfusion units [PU]) signals were monitored continuously during exercise, and leg blood flow was assessed by Doppler ultrasound at baseline and after exercise. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; PU/mean arterial pressure (MAP)) was expressed as the percentage change from baseline (%CVC_BL). Coefficients of variation (CVs) as indicators of absolute reliability were 18.7–28.4%, 20.2–33.1%, 42.5–59.8%, 7.8–12.4% and 22.2–30.3% for PU, CVC, %CVC_BL, TOI and tHb, respectively. CVs for these variables improved as exercise continued beyond 10 min. CVs for baseline and post-exercise leg blood flow were 17.8% and 10.5%, respectively. CVs for PU, tHb (r² = 0.062) and TOI (r² = 0.002) were not correlated (P > 0.05). Most variables demonstrated CVs lower than the expected changes (35%) induced by training or heat stress; however, minimum of 10 min exercise is recommended for more reliable measurements.     

钙调神经磷酸酶基因多态性与优秀耐力运动员运动能力关联性及功能的初步研究

目的:探讨钙调神经磷酸酶编码基因多态性与优秀耐力运动员运动能力的关联性。方法:应用case-control实验设计,分析55个单核苷酸多态性在123名优秀耐力运动员和125名对照组的分布特征。采用双荧光素酶报告基因的方法初步分析关联多态性的功能意义。结果:1)基因型或等位基因在优秀运动员与对照组分布频率有显著差异(P<0.05)的位点有11个,但经过多重比较的修正后达到显著差异(P<0.01)的仅有2个。2)PPP3 CArs3804358 C等位基因的分布频率在优秀运动员组(17%)显著高于对照组(8%)(P=0.003),而PPP3 CB rs3763679 T等位基因在优秀运动员组(23%)显著低于对照组(37%)。3)携带rs3804358 C或rs3763679 C等位基因的报告基因相对荧光素酶活性显著高于相应的携带rs3804358 G或rs3763679 T等位基因的荧光素酶活性。结论:rs3804358和rs3763679多态性与优秀耐力运动员运动能力关联,并且这2个多态性影响基因转录。     

血清EPO指标在耐力运动训练中的应用

采用文献资料研究方法，从EPO的生物学特性、EPO与耐力运动能力、EPO与低压氧舱等方面分析入手，探讨EPO在高原训练和低压氧舱训练中的变化规律。认为，EPO可作为耐力运动训练的预见及评价指标；间断低压氧舱应用，很可能是今后耐力运动训练的主要手段。     

Effect of Optimized and Standard Cycle Ergometry on VO2max in Trained Cyclists and Runners

Abstract

This study contrasted prepractice modeling with either the perceptual component (perceptual modeling) or the motor component (movement pattern) of a coincident-timing task to determine whether experiencing the modalities singly or in combination enhanced timing performance on initiation of active practice. The motor component was a 60-cm right-to-left arm movement coincident with the illumination of lights on a Bassin timer runway to displace a barrier as the final runway light was illuminated. Four groups were compared (n = 12 per group). A perceptual modeling group passively viewed stimulus runway lights prior to attempting the task. A motoric modeling group viewed a videotape prior to practice of a model performing the motor component of the skill with zero timing error. A perceptual modeling plus motoric modeling group experienced both modeling modalities prior to performance. Finally, a no modeling group simply initiated practice on the task without modeling. Results indicated that the groups experiencing perceptual modeling initiated practice with significantly less average timing error and variability. Thus, perceptual modeling appeared to be at least as important as motoric modeling as a source of prepractice information to make available to a learner to optimize coincident-timing skill acquisition.