Effects of Differing Prepuberty Exercise Programs on the Emotionality of Male Albino Rats

Abstract

The problem under investigation in this study was to determine if differing programs of prepuberty exercise had any effect upon the emotionality of male albino rats at puberty. The subjects were 48 male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain who were subjected to a 35-day training program under conditions of sedentary existence, voluntary exercise, or forced exercise. At the end of the experimental period the animals were tested in an open field marked into 49 consecutively numbered 7 1/2-in. squares.

Emotionality in the open field was determined by two methods: (a) the total number of squares traversed by an animal in 5 min., and (b) the total number of squares traversed by an animal toward the center of the field. The relationship between exploratory behavior and emotionality is considered to be an inverse one, that is, the more exploratory the behavior, the less emotionality the animal exhibits.

The results indicated that the animals which had been subjected to the forced exercise regimen traversed significantly more squares under both testing conditions and therefore evidenced more exploratory behavior and therefore less emotionality than the animals in the voluntary exercise and sedentary groups. There were no significant differences on either measure of exploratory behavior between the voluntary exercise and sedentary groups.     

锻炼社会支持量表的编制与信效度检验

有规律的体育锻炼对人们的身心健康具有积极的促进作用,而社会支持是影响锻炼行为的重要相关因素。因此本研究的目的在于编制和检验锻炼社会支持量表。通过结合现有研究文献和质性研究,确立了初测量表,并通过两轮定量研究,应用探索性和验证性因子分析,信度分析以及校标效度检验对该量表进行了标准化的信效度检验。结果表明锻炼社会支持量表由4个因子构成,即情感性支持、信息性支持、工具性支持、同伴性支持,共24个条目。统计分析显示,量表具有良好的结构效度、内部一致性、重测信度和校标效度。锻炼社会支持量表符合我国文化背景,可以作为在中国人群中进行锻炼社会支持测量的工具。     

The Reliability and Validity of Protocols for the Assessment of Endurance Sports Performance: An Updated Review

Sports performance testing is one of the most common and important measures used in sport science. Performance testing protocols must have high reliability to ensure any changes are not due to measurement error or inter-individual differences. High validity is also important to ensure test performance reflects true performance. Time-trial protocols commonly have a coefficient of variation (CV) of <5%, however, familiarization, well-trained subjects and/or conducting the trial outdoors in the athlete’s most familiar environment can lead to CVs of < 1%. Long duration time-trials or the inclusion of sprints within a time-trial appears to not negatively influence reliability. Few studies have assessed the validity of endurance performance tests, and as such more research should evaluate different ways of simulating outdoor performances in the laboratory. The use of warm-up, simulation of convection load, and implementation of race specific hydration practices are important considerations for researchers regarding test validity.     

不同健身运动处方对女性体质影响的比较研究

文章对健身锻炼60名女性实施不同的运动处方,探讨健美操、踏板操、体育舞蹈运动对女性体质的影响,并进行比较研究。结果表明：踏板操对女性身体形态、机能和素质都有良好的影响,因而踏板操是最适合女性健身锻炼的运动方式,健美操对增强体质的作用不如踏板操,体育舞蹈的影响较小。     

Test-Retest Stability of the Task and Ego Orientation Questionnaire

Abstract

Establishing stability, defined as observing minimal measurement error in a test-retest assessment, is vital to validating psychometric tools. Correlational methods, such as Pearson product-moment, intraclass, and kappa are tests of association or consistency, whereas stability or reproducibility (regarded here as synonymous) assesses the agreement between test-retest scores. Indexes of reproducibility using the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1992) were investigated using correlational (Pearson product-moment, intraclass, and kappa) methods, repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance, and calculating the proportion of agreement within a referent value of +1 as suggested by Nevill, Lane, Kilgour, Bowes, and Whyte (2001). Two hundred thirteen soccer players completed the TEOSQ on two occasions, 1 week apart. Correlation analyses indicated a stronger test-retest correlation for the Ego subscale than the Task subscale. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated stability for ego items but with significant increases in four task items. The proportion of test-retest agreement scores indicated that all ego items reported relatively poor stability statistics with test-retest scores within a range of +1, ranging from 82.7–86.9%. By contrast, all task items showed test-retest difference scores ranging from 92.5–99%, although further analysis indicated that four task subscale items increased significantly. Findings illustrated that correlational methods (Pearson product-moment, intraclass, and kappa) are influenced by the range in scores, and calculating the proportion of agreement of test-retest differences with a referent value of +1 could provide additional insight into the stability of the questionnaire. It is suggested that the item-by-item proportion of agreement method proposed by Nevill et al. (2001) should be used to supplement existing methods and could be especially helpful in identifying rogue items in the initial stages of psychometric questionnaire validation.     

Validity and Reliability of Three Self-Report Instruments for Assessing Attainment of Physical Activity Guidelines in University Students

The purpose of this study was to compare the validity and reliability of three short physical activity self-report instruments to determine their potential for use with university student populations. The participants (N = 155; 44.5% male; 22.9 ± 5.13 years) wore an accelerometer for 9 consecutive days and completed a single-item measure, the a brief two item measure and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form questionnaires on day 1 and 9. Correlations between self-reported and accelerometer derived moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels were moderate for the International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form, while poor for the single-item measure and the a brief two item measure. The agreement level was high with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form (77.4%) and moderate for both the single-item measure (45.2 %) and a brief two item measure (44.5 %). The intraclass correlations between the two administrations were moderate to strong across all measures (0.52–0.70) in 133 participants. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form is the most suitable of these three self-report instruments for use with this population due to higher correlations and levels of agreement with accelerometry.     

青少年体育锻炼心理效益评定量表上海市常模的制订

体育锻炼心理效益的科学评定直接关系到青少年健康促进工作的顺利开展.基于运动健康促进理论与社会需求,在前期研究和专家访谈的基础上,研究编制了《青少年体育锻炼心理效益评定量表》,由主观体验、情绪活力、身体价值、人际感知和困境应对5个维度构成.探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析结果均表明,该量表具有可靠的信效度,可作为青少年体育锻炼心理效益的评定工具.多元方差分析结果表明,青少年体育锻炼心理效益存在性别和年级的显著性差异,因此,分别制订了上海市青少年体育锻炼心理效益的性别常模和年级常模,为更好地促进不同性别、年龄青少年体育锻炼心理效益提供客观的评定标准.     

运动对糖尿病大鼠ASP影响的研究

研究运动对链脲佐菌素所致糖尿病大鼠ASP的影响。选用雄性SD大鼠，随机分为4组（每组10只），即：正常对照组，正常运动组，糖尿病模型组，糖尿病模型＋运动组。运动组进行10周的游泳训练。结果表明：1）糖尿病模型组与正常对照组大鼠相比，血浆ASP浓度、血糖、TG、和LDL明显升高，血清FFA有升高趋势，血清胰岛素和ISI明显降低；2）糖尿病模型＋运动组较其非运动组血浆ASP浓度、血糖、TG、TC、FFA和LDL明显降低，血清胰岛素和HDL含量明显升高。提示：糖尿病机体血浆ASP浓度升高，伴随着其活性下降，使得FFA和富舍TG的脂蛋白消除障碍，长期中等负荷运动可以降低血浆中ASP浓度，增加其活性，进而降低FFA和TG水平，升高HDL，改善糖尿病机体的脂质代谢，预防其慢性并发症的发生。     

运动频率和递增强度运动对大鼠海马神经发生的影响

目的:探讨运动频次和隔周递增强度运动对大鼠海马神经发生的影响.方法:将60只雄性5周龄SD大鼠随机分为安静对照(C)组、每天运动(E0)组、隔1日运动(E1)组、隔3日运动(E3)组、隔周运动(E7)组和隔周递增强度运动(E7I)组.运动方式为跑台运动.腹腔注射BrdU于各组大鼠,持续注射6天.采用免疫组织荧光染色技术,检测各组大鼠海马齿状回内新生细胞和新生神经元数量.结果:各组动物海马齿状回内BrdU免疫阳性(Br-dU+)细胞数目为:C组37.62±9.02,E0组46.01±10.82,E1组49. 06±12. 07,E3组41. 20±11. 02,E7组37.23±16. 45,E71组53. 97±10. 67.各组大鼠海马齿状回内BrdU和NeuN免疫双阳性(BrdU++NeuN+)细胞微分别为:C组15.26±4.42;E0组17. 61±3. 86,E1组21. 93±5.60,E3组16. 28±5.37,E7组15. 80±7.50,E7I组24. 9±土5.44.结论:在间隔不同时问的小强度运动中,隔日小强度运动最有利于大鼠海马齿状回神经发生;隔周递增运动强度也有利于大鼠海马齿状回神经发生,     

对体育测量“三性”有关问题的分析

本文对《体育测量与评价》中测量的“三性”及相关问题,通过查阅文献资料并结合教学实践,进行了分析和研究,提出建议将测量的“三性”改为“两性”,并对“两性”的关系作了进一步的分析与探讨。     

Effects of Age,Walking Speed,and Body Composition on Pedometer Accuracy in Children

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of age group, walking speed, and body composition on the accuracy of pedometer-determined step counts in children. Eighty-five participants (43 boys, 42 girls), ages 5–7 and 9–11 years, walked on a treadmill for two-minute bouts at speeds of 42, 66, and 90 m·min^-1 while wearing a spring-levered (Yamax SW-200) and a piezoelectric (New Lifestyles NL-2000) pedometer. The number of steps taken during each bout was also recorded using a hand counter. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from height and mass, and percentage of body fat (%BF) was determined using hand-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis. The tilt angle of the pedometer was assessed using a magnetic protractor. Both pedometers performed well at 66 and 90 m·min^-1, but undercounted steps by approximately 20% at 42 m·min^-1. Although age group, BMI, waist circumference, and %BF did not affect pedometer accuracy, children with large pedometer tilt angles (≥ 10°) showed significantly greater percent bias than those with small tilt angles (< 10°). We suggest that the style of waistband on the child's clothing is a more important determinant of tilt angle and thus pedometer accuracy than body composition. Our results also indicate that the NL-2000 pedometer provides similar accuracy and better precision than the SW-200 pedometer, especially in children with large tilt angles. We conclude that fastening pedometers to a firm elastic belt may improve stability and reduce undercounting in young people.     

运动对大鼠骨骼肌形态和代谢机能的影响

以大鼠为实验对象, 观察研究运动训练对大鼠骨骼肌形态及代谢机能的影响。16只健康、成年SD大鼠随机分为2组, 安静组 (n=8), 运动组 (n=8)。运动方案为跑台训练, 持续 8 周。研究发现, 运动组骨骼肌形态无异常变化, 肌纤维横截面积稍减小, 变化不显著。运动训练后, 骨骼肌及血清 IGF-I水平明显升高。此外,运动组琥珀酸脱氢酶活性有所下降, 而腓肠肌ATP酶活性明显升高。结论　 (1) 运动训练有效调解了体内的蛋白质代谢平衡。(2) 运动训练可以改变骨骼肌及血清IGF-I水平, 并对其蛋白质代谢产生一定的作用。(3) 运动训练在一定程度上改变了骨骼肌代谢酶活性, 从而影响其代谢功能, 以满足不同类型运动的需要。     

耗竭运动对大鼠心肌线粒体功能的影响

采用耗竭运动方式,观察了大鼠运动后心肌线粒体脂质过氧化水平、超氧化物岐化酶活性和还原型谷胱甘肽含量的变化。发现运动后即刻心肌线粒体脂质过氧化水平显著升高,超氧化物岐化酶活性和还原型谷胱甘肽含量显著下降。结果提示耗竭运动时,心肌线粒体内源性自由基的产生是耐力性运动疲劳和运动损伤的原因之一。     

恒定功率不同持续时间运动对红细胞免疫功能的影响

恒定功率三种不同持续时间运动后,受试者 ＲＢＣ－Ｃ３ｂＲ活性显著降低,其下 降程度与运动持续时间密切相关,亚运动 ３,小时仍显著低于安静值。 １５ｍｉｎ和 ３０ｍｉｎ 组运动后,受试者 ＲＢＣ－ＩＣ花环率有增高趋势,但无显著性;而 ４５ｍｉｎ组运动后却 显著增高,至运动 ３小时仍高于安静值（ Ｐ＜ ０． ０５）。三组受试者运动后 １５小时,二种花环率均恢复至安静水平。     

测量可靠性及其估价方法分析

测量的可靠性是评价测量质量的重要指标。一般认为测量的可靠性代表测量结果的准确性，这显然是一种误解，尤其是目前应用较多的几种可靠性估价方法似乎无法对可靠性作出正确的估价。为此，对于可靠性及其估价方法应重新加以审视和评析，以期重新认识并有所改善。通过分析和示例结果，可以得出如下结论：测量的可靠性不能完全表达测量结果的准确度；在可靠性定义中一致性不能由相关或相似性替代；在进行差异分析时，应注意重复测量结果的关联属性，并推荐使用非参数检验方法；可靠性分析不能替代误差分析与处理等其他方法。     

原始点按摩配合运动疗法对肱骨内上髁炎康复治疗效果研究

目的:运用原始点按摩手法与运动疗法治疗肱骨内上髁炎,寻找最佳手法与运动治疗方法.观察原始点按摩配合运动疗法中康复训练治疗肱骨内上髁炎的疗效.方法:通过11例患者治疗前、后疗效(治愈,显效,有效,无效)对照,检查Mills征(伸肌腱牵拉试验)结果,比较Mayo肘功能评分、治愈率情况.结果:所有患者均无并发症.治疗后3d及一周后Mayo肘功能评分明显改善,达到治愈标准.治疗前、后差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论:采用原始点按摩配合运动疗法中的功能康复训练.原始点按摩可以舒筋活血,运动康复训练提高了患肢的肌肉力量和质量使治疗效果显著,具有推广应用价值.     

力竭运动对甲状腺激素代谢的影响

目的为探讨力竭运动对大鼠甲状腺激素代谢的影响及与心肌损伤的关系。方法 :以力竭运动为模型 ,观察了大鼠力竭运动后血清和心肌中四碘甲腺原氨酸 (T4)、三碘甲腺原氨酸 (T3)及心肌中T45′ -脱单碘酶 (T45′-DI)活性的变化。结果 :力竭运动后血清和心肌中T3水平显著升高 (P <0 . 0 1) ,T4水平无显著性改变 ,心肌中T45′ -DI活性显著升高 (P <0 . 0 1)。结论 :力竭运动引起甲状腺激素代谢的改变是造成心肌损伤的原因之一     

运动对去卵巢大鼠股骨生物力学性能影响的实验研究

目的：探讨运动对去卵巢大鼠股骨生物力学性能的影响。方法：将96 只3 月龄雌性大鼠按体重随机分成假手术组（Sham组）、造模组 （Model 组）、己烯雌酚组（DES 组）、运动组（EX 组）,每组24 只,假手术组仅切除卵巢附近一团脂肪,其余各组均切除双侧卵巢。术后按不同要求 灌胃给药和运动,按批次分别于8 周、12 周和16 周后处死大鼠,每次每组8 只,对各组大鼠左侧股骨进行生物力学性能检测,统计分析各组数 据。结果：运动组能明显提高去卵巢大鼠股骨的生物力学性能,且随干预时间延长效果明显。结论：合理的运动能减少去卵巢大鼠骨质丢失,减缓 骨质量的降低速度,防治骨质疏松症。     

急性长时间力竭运动对大鼠心电、心音变化的影响

目的：观察大鼠急性长时间力竭运动后不同时相心电图、心音图和心肌梗死面积等指标的变化情况,探讨心电和心音信号在运动性心肌顿抑 评定中的应用价值。方法：成年雄性SD大鼠22只,体重（238.30±13.44）g,随机分为对照组（C,n=6）和运动组（E,n=16）。E组大鼠于跑台以21 m/ min,+10°坡运动至力竭,监测运动前、运动后即刻至24 h的心电图和心音图,于运动后24 h进行左室前壁心肌坏死面积分析,根据是否出现运动后 心电异常将E组大鼠分为心肌顿抑组（ES）和非心肌顿抑组（NES）,比较各组心电、心音指标差异。结果：ES组在运动后1.5~3 h大鼠心电图T波和心 音图S1幅值与运动前相比出现明显下降,且与同时相NES组相比有显著性降低,至运动后24 h时上述变化基本恢复正常;NES组运动前后T波和S1 幅值无明显变化;ES和NES组运动后心率均出现显著上升,2组间无显著差异;ES和NES组运动后心音图S1/S2与运动前相比无显著性差异,2组间 亦无显著差异。C组、ES组和NES组的心肌坏死区比率分别为17.9%±14.95%、29.1%%±13.91%和21.3%±11.47%,两两比较组间差异无统计学意 义。结论：心电图T波幅值和心音图S1幅值可作为评定运动性心肌顿抑的有效指标,其反应的运动性心肌功能障碍主要发生在1.5~3 h之间;心率 和心音图S1/S2不是评定运动性心肌顿抑的有效指标。     

刺五加及其复合药对大鼠无氧运动能力的影响

通过建立大鼠无氧运动模型,观察补充刺五加及复合药对大鼠无氧运动能力的影响。结果发现,短期服用刺五加及复合药后大鼠血中Hb含量和SOD活性显著升高(P<0．05),LD和MDA含量显著降低(P<0．05);体重增长幅度明显加快(P<0．05),负重游泳至力竭时间明显延长(P<0．05);M2、M4组大鼠血清BUN浓度较CG2明显降低(P<0．01)。从本实验结果证实,刺五加及复合药具有促生血和抗氧化作用,能有效改善体内的缺氧状况,提高大鼠的无氧运动能力。