Enhancing Motor Learning Through Dyad Practice

Abstract

It has been shown that practice in dyads, as compared to individual practice, can enhance motor learning and increase the efficiency of practice (as two participants can be trained at the same time; Shea, Wulf, &; Whitacre, 1999). The dyad practice protocol used by Shea et al. included both observation and dialogue between partners. Thus, it was not clear whether the learning benefits of dyad practice were due to observation, dialogue, or both. The present study examined the individual and interactive effects of observation and dialogue. The task used was speed cup stacking. Participants practiced under one of four conditions: observation/dialogue, observation/no dialogue, no observation/dialogue, and no observation/no dialogue. The two conditions that included observational practice were more effective (i.e., produced faster movement times) than the two conditions without it, both during practice and on a retention test performed under individual performance conditions. This suggests that the learning advantages of dyad practice are primarily due to the opportunity to observe another learner.     

运动技能的内隐学习与分心练习—对应激的抵御

为抵御应激对运动技能水平发挥的影响，研究以轨迹追踪任务为实验范式，将32名被试分4组在不同条件下进行为期12d的练习，并比较了各组在两种应激条件下的测试结果。结果显示：对于复杂的操作任务，内隐学习比外显学习更有效。分心练习所获得运动技能较少受应激的影响。     

运动技能的内隐学习与分心练习——对应激的抵御

为抵御应激对运动技能水平发挥的影响 ,研究以轨迹追踪任务为实验范式 ,将 32名被试分 4组在不同条件下进行为期 12 d的练习 ,并比较了各组在两种应激条件下的测试结果。结果显示 :对于复杂的操作任务 ,内隐学习比外显学习更有效。分心练习所获得运动技能较少受高应激的影响     

Self-Controlled Practice Enhances Motor Learning in Introverts and Extroverts

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of self-controlled feedback on the learning of a sequential-timing motor task in introverts and extroverts. Method: Fifty-six university students were selected by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. They practiced a motor task consisting of pressing computer keyboard keys in a specific spatial and temporal pattern. The experiment consisted of practice, retention, and transfer phases. The participants were distributed into 4 groups, formed by the combination of personality trait (extraversion/introversion) and type of feedback frequency (self-controlled/yoked). Results: The results showed superior learning for the groups that practiced in a self-controlled schedule, in relation to groups who practiced in an externally controlled schedule, F(1, 52) = 4.13, p < .05, η² = .07, regardless of personality trait. Conclusion: We conclude that self-controlled practice enhances motor learning in introverts and extroverts.     

The Effects of Practice Distribution on the Acquisition of Three Discrete Motor Skills

Abstract

Eighty male college students were divided into two experimental groups practicing three criterion tasks: the floor kip, the front hip circle mount on the low horizontal bar, and the glide kip on the low horizontal bar. These tasks were practiced under different conditions of massed or distributed practice and an ANCOVA was used to test for significant mean differences in the rates of learning between the experimental groups on each task. The subjects' performance on the Metheny-Johnson test served as the control variable in the analysis and the .05 level of significance was selected.

All observed differences in mean rates of acquisition between groups were within the limits of chance on all tasks, regardless of the method of practice. This apparent lack of effect of distribution of practice was attributed to factors such as the pacing of the task, the discrete and complex, rather than continuous, nature of the task, and the learning-performance distinction.     

内隐优势效应与运动技能学习

自1965年Reber发现内隐学习以来,内隐学习的研究已取得了很大发展,且逐渐成为当今学习和认知心理学领域的热点课题。随着内隐学习研究的不断深入,内隐学习在运动技能学习中的优势效应也日益突显。本文分析整理了内隐学习的研究成果,并着重分析了运动技能学习中内隐学习的优势效应,以此为依据为技能教学提出建议,从而使技能教学更加有效、顺利的实施。     

运动技能学习的神经机制

运动技能学习是以神经活动为基础的生理、心理过程。近年来 ,关于运动学习记忆在神经通路和突触可塑性方面的研究成果揭示了运动技能学习的神经基础。本文综述这方面的研究成果并讨论了它们的实践指导意义。     

高山滑雪运动技能学习过程中的技能迁移与信息反馈

采用文献资料法和实地观察法,探讨了高山滑雪运动中技能学习过程中的技能迁移和信息反馈两方面的内容。根据技能迁移和信息反馈的特点,提出了适合高山滑雪运动技能迁移方法及建立合理的信息反馈体系,以促进高山滑雪运动技能的学习。     

A Comparison of the Effects of Physical and Mental Practice in Learning a Motor Skill

Abstract

This study sought to determine the relative effectiveness of mental and physical practice upon the learning of a selected motor skill, and the possible differential effects of mental practice during different stages of the learning period.

Ninety-three male volunteers were used as subjects. They were randomly assigned to the following five treatment conditions: control, mental practice, physical practice, mental-physical practice, and physical-mental practice. Practice consisted of throwing rubber balls at a target from a distance of 15 ft. The practice periods lasted for 18 days.

Initial and final tests were administered to determine the increase in skill. Data, which consisted of gain scores, were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results indicated that the only significant improvement occurred in the combination-type treatment conditons. Trend analysis was used to evaluate the changes in the daily practice scores. The results showed that either mental or physical practice was equally effective during the first half of the skill development period.     

Performance and Learning in a Discrete Motor Task under Massed Vs. Distributed Practice

Abstract

Three hundred male subjects, assigned in systematic rotation to five experimental groups (N = 60 in each) which differed in amount of distribution of practice, were tested on a discrete-trial motor learning task, the peg turn. All subjects were given 120 practice trials (60 trials a day), on two days separated by a 48-hour rest. Even though the peg turn task is inherently distributed, reminiscence did occur when the massing was made as large as practically possible. The amount of reminiscence depended upon the stage of practice. Warm-up decrement occurred in the peg turn under both massed and distributed practice conditions; the longer the rest, the greater the amount. Performance of the task under nonrhythmical conditions reduced the development of “set” during practice and thus decreased the amount of warm-up decrement after rest. Increased amounts of massing did have a deleterious effect on performance, but did not reduce the amount learned.     

迁移设计——运动技能学关于运动技能学习的研究方式

迁移设计是西方运动技能学关于运动技能学习的一种研究方式。由运动技能学习的特点以及集中练习与分散练习的经典研究可以看出，迁移设计的提出具有重大的科学价值和现实意义。对这一方法的学习与借鉴必将促进我国的运动技能学研究。     

谈多球练习在普通高校网球选项课中的作用

在网球选项课中通过多球练习,使学生的网球基本技术有较大提高,并能解决高校网球专项课中普遍存在的人多、球少、时间少、场地少等问题。本文通过对西南财经大学2004级不同校区(光华校区、柳林校区)网球选项班的200多名学生进行对比教学实验,并对实验数据进行分析,得出结论并提出建议,旨在普通高校网球选项课教学的经验交流。     

影响体育专业学生运动技能形成的路径分析

从体育教学过程宏现层面上理解运动技能习得过程,试图重构运动技能形成的理论框架,并将影响运动技能形成的各因子转化为可操作性变量,运用AMOS数理统计软件,对开放性运动技能形成路径(以排球项目为实例)和混合性运动技能形戍路径(以背越式跳高为实例)进行分析.路径分析表明,无论是开放性运动技能学习还是混合性运动技能学习的过程,原有身体素质越高,运动技能学习掌握的程度越高;学习策略运用在混合性运动技能学习过程中作用系数为0,没有作用力,可能与该运动技能项目的特点有关,单纯的机械重复运动,缺乏一定的策略性;在开放性运动技能学习过程中,学习策略的作用力仅次于原有身体素质,总作用效应为0.198.     

培养学生运动技能学习策略的实验报告

运用学习策略理论 ,并结合运动技能学习的特点 ,在田径技术教学中对运动系 2 0 0 1级学生进行了教学实验 ,初步得出以下结论 :在学习运动技能过程中施加学习策略训练有助于学生掌握运动技术 ;在培养学生运用学习策略的能力方面 ,语言法、调控法、认知体验三项指标得到明显改善 ,学习策略能力的培养是一个长期的过程。     

滑行姿势和功率对速滑成绩的影响

通过影像测量方法，探讨了速滑姿势与能量输出之间的关系。结果认为：功率与步频和滑行姿势密切相关；在滑行同一距离项目中，输出功率总量决定水平相近的运动员之间成绩上的微小差异：绝对意义的低姿势只能是躯干保持水平位置，而相对意义的低姿势以发挥下肢蹬伸力量为前提；高的能量输出主要是通过大量的蹬伸做功而产生。     

Decision-Making in Elementary School-Age Children: Effects upon Motor Learning and Self-Concept Development

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of variable decision-making teaching models upon the development of body coordination and self-concept of children in grades one through five. Students in two socioeconomically equivalent schools of a large, inner-city school system constituted the sample (N = 285) for this study. Intact classroom groups from the experimental school were randomly assigned to one of two experimental treatments. The control school did not receive any treatment. The experimental treatments consisted of two physical education programs which varied only in the type of teacher behavior exhibited. Cheffers' Adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System (Cheffers, Mancini, & Marlinek, 1980) was used to verify the two treatments used. The Schilling Body Coordination Test (Schilling & Kephart, 1976) was used to evaluate motor skill development, and the Marlinek-Zaichkowsky Self-Concept Scale (1977) was used to evaluate self-concept development. Results indicated that learners can be given decision-making responsibility within the physical education environment and, at the same time, maintain a level of motor skill achievement equal to that of learners who have not been allowed to make decisions within the learning environment. No conclusions could be drawn concerning the effects of student decision making upon self-concept development. Additional results indicated that the development of body coordination is a function of maturation, and that no relationship exists between self-concept and body coordination.     

从运动过程研究中的几例矛盾谈多学科综合研究的必要性

人的运动,是一个伴随着物理变化、化学变化和心理变化的矛盾统一过程,必须进行多学科的综合研究.     

运动技能学习中追加反馈的研究进展

追加反馈是指在运动中或运动后提供给一个个体或一类个体的外部知觉反馈的任何形式。追加反馈是运动 技能学习过程中实施控制的媒介,它包括结果反馈和表现反馈。研究不同类型的追加反馈及其作用,可以使运动技能 学习过程达到最优化。     

练习变异性在运动技能学习中的研究进展

练习变异性与一般动作程序的参数变化有关,是通过改变运动参数及不同的背景干扰效应对练习效果产生影响,相对比于以往的固定练习法,变换练习法能够使参与者在练习运动技能过程中因环境、速度、距离、力量等参数的不同,从而体验到不同的运动特征,有效地促进运动技能的学习。现就近10年的研究成果进行综述,希望为今后的研究带来裨益。     

The Generalizability Effectiveness of a Learning Strategy on Achievement in Related Closed Motor Skills

Abstract

This study determined the effectiveness of a global learning strategy on the skill level attained in one closed primary task and two related ones. Eighty subjects were randomly assigned to five groups equal in number and sex: a content-dependent strategy group (CDS), a content-dependent strategy plus reminders group (CDSR), a content-independent strategy group (CIS), a content-independent strategy plus reminders group (CISR), or a control group. A content dependent strategy is one learned in reference to a specific task; in this case, the primary one. A content independent strategy is learned in the context of many example tasks. Subjects performed underhanded dart throwing as the primary task, jart throwing (similar in nature to dart throwing) as the directly related task, and soccer foul shooting as the slightly related task. The strategy used to test the hypotheses generated was the Singer 5-Step Strategy. ANOVAs indicated that all of the strategy learning conditions were significantly more effective than the control condition for each task. Furthermore, the CIS learning situation was more beneficial for the learning of the task most related to the primary task than the CDS learning situation. The CISR group outperformed the other strategy groups in the less-related task.