Enhancing Motor Learning Through Dyad Practice

Abstract

It has been shown that practice in dyads, as compared to individual practice, can enhance motor learning and increase the efficiency of practice (as two participants can be trained at the same time; Shea, Wulf, &; Whitacre, 1999). The dyad practice protocol used by Shea et al. included both observation and dialogue between partners. Thus, it was not clear whether the learning benefits of dyad practice were due to observation, dialogue, or both. The present study examined the individual and interactive effects of observation and dialogue. The task used was speed cup stacking. Participants practiced under one of four conditions: observation/dialogue, observation/no dialogue, no observation/dialogue, and no observation/no dialogue. The two conditions that included observational practice were more effective (i.e., produced faster movement times) than the two conditions without it, both during practice and on a retention test performed under individual performance conditions. This suggests that the learning advantages of dyad practice are primarily due to the opportunity to observe another learner.     

运动技能的内隐学习与分心练习——对应激的抵御

为抵御应激对运动技能水平发挥的影响 ,研究以轨迹追踪任务为实验范式 ,将 32名被试分 4组在不同条件下进行为期 12 d的练习 ,并比较了各组在两种应激条件下的测试结果。结果显示 :对于复杂的操作任务 ,内隐学习比外显学习更有效。分心练习所获得运动技能较少受高应激的影响     

运动技能的内隐学习与分心练习—对应激的抵御

为抵御应激对运动技能水平发挥的影响，研究以轨迹追踪任务为实验范式，将32名被试分4组在不同条件下进行为期12d的练习，并比较了各组在两种应激条件下的测试结果。结果显示：对于复杂的操作任务，内隐学习比外显学习更有效。分心练习所获得运动技能较少受应激的影响。     

Self-Controlled Practice Enhances Motor Learning in Introverts and Extroverts

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of self-controlled feedback on the learning of a sequential-timing motor task in introverts and extroverts. Method: Fifty-six university students were selected by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. They practiced a motor task consisting of pressing computer keyboard keys in a specific spatial and temporal pattern. The experiment consisted of practice, retention, and transfer phases. The participants were distributed into 4 groups, formed by the combination of personality trait (extraversion/introversion) and type of feedback frequency (self-controlled/yoked). Results: The results showed superior learning for the groups that practiced in a self-controlled schedule, in relation to groups who practiced in an externally controlled schedule, F(1, 52) = 4.13, p < .05, η² = .07, regardless of personality trait. Conclusion: We conclude that self-controlled practice enhances motor learning in introverts and extroverts.     

Self-Controlled Amount of Practice Benefits Learning of a Motor Skill

Abstract

Self-control over factors involving task-related information (e.g., feedback) can enhance motor learning. It is unknown if these benefits extend to manipulations that do not directly affect such information. The purpose of this study was to determine if self-control over the amount of practice would also facilitate learning. Participants learned to throw a dart using their nonpreferred hand. The self-control (SC) group decided when to stop practice. The yoked group completed the same number of trials as their SC counterparts. Results revealed the SC group was more accurate during transfer and in recalling the number of trials completed. These findings indicate that self-control benefits extend to factors that do not directly alter task-related information.     

The Effects of Practice Distribution on the Acquisition of Three Discrete Motor Skills

Abstract

Eighty male college students were divided into two experimental groups practicing three criterion tasks: the floor kip, the front hip circle mount on the low horizontal bar, and the glide kip on the low horizontal bar. These tasks were practiced under different conditions of massed or distributed practice and an ANCOVA was used to test for significant mean differences in the rates of learning between the experimental groups on each task. The subjects' performance on the Metheny-Johnson test served as the control variable in the analysis and the .05 level of significance was selected.

All observed differences in mean rates of acquisition between groups were within the limits of chance on all tasks, regardless of the method of practice. This apparent lack of effect of distribution of practice was attributed to factors such as the pacing of the task, the discrete and complex, rather than continuous, nature of the task, and the learning-performance distinction.     

内隐优势效应与运动技能学习

自1965年Reber发现内隐学习以来,内隐学习的研究已取得了很大发展,且逐渐成为当今学习和认知心理学领域的热点课题。随着内隐学习研究的不断深入,内隐学习在运动技能学习中的优势效应也日益突显。本文分析整理了内隐学习的研究成果,并着重分析了运动技能学习中内隐学习的优势效应,以此为依据为技能教学提出建议,从而使技能教学更加有效、顺利的实施。     

运动技能学习的神经机制

运动技能学习是以神经活动为基础的生理、心理过程。近年来 ,关于运动学习记忆在神经通路和突触可塑性方面的研究成果揭示了运动技能学习的神经基础。本文综述这方面的研究成果并讨论了它们的实践指导意义。     

The Effect of Self-Regulated and Experimenter-Imposed Practice Schedules on Motor Learning for Tasks of Varying Difficulty

Research suggests that allowing individuals to control their own practice schedule has a positive effect on motor learning. In this experiment we examined the effect of task difficulty and self-regulated practice strategies on motor learning. The task was to move a mouse-operated cursor through pattern arrays that differed in two levels of difficulty. Participants learned either four easy or hard patterns after assignment to one of four groups that ordered practice in blocked, random, self-regulated, and yoked-to-self-regulated schedules. Although self-regulation provided no special benefit in acquisition, these groups showed the most improved performance in retention, irrespective of task difficulty. Although individual switch strategies for members of the self-regulated groups were quite variable, the impact of self-regulation on motor learning remained similar. These findings add to the growing body of literature suggesting that self-regulated practice is an important variable for motor learning.     

组块练习和随机练习对运动技能学习的影响:效果、机制与启示

以固定训练程序进行练习的组块练习（低情境干预）和以随机训练程序进行练习的随机练习（高情境干预）对运动技能学习有重要的影响。运用元分析方法探讨两种练习方式对不同结局指标、不同学习阶段和不同参与肌肉群运动技能学习效果的影响、机制和启示,旨在丰富运动技能学习理论,为提高组块练习和随机练习在体育教学训练实践运用的有效性提供参考依据。研究表明：（1）组块练习和随机练习对不同结局指标、不同练习阶段和不同参与肌肉群的运动技能学习效果不同;（2）从不同结局指标来看,组块练习对动作时间和测量距离类指标的运动技能学习更有效,而随机练习对完成得分和动作速度类效果更佳。（3）从不同学习阶段看,在学习掌握阶段组块练习效果好;在迁移阶段随机练习效果好;而在保持阶段,两种练习方式对不同结局指标运动技能效果各有优势。（4）从不同参与肌肉群的技能看,随机练习对粗大运动技能和精细运动技能学习效果均好于组块练习。     

组块练习和随机练习对运动技能学习的影响:效果、机制与启示

以固定训练程序进行练习的组块练习(低情境干预)和以随机训练程序进行练习的随机练习(高情境干预)对运动技能学习有重要的影响。运用元分析方法探讨两种练习方式对不同结局指标、不同学习阶段和不同参与肌肉群运动技能学习效果的影响、机制和启示,旨在丰富运动技能学习理论,为提高组块练习和随机练习在体育教学训练实践运用的有效性提供参考依据。研究表明:(1)组块练习和随机练习对不同结局指标、不同练习阶段和不同参与肌肉群的运动技能学习效果不同;(2)从不同结局指标来看,组块练习对动作时间和测量距离类指标的运动技能学习更有效,而随机练习对完成得分和动作速度类效果更佳。(3)从不同学习阶段看,在学习掌握阶段组块练习效果好;在迁移阶段随机练习效果好;而在保持阶段,两种练习方式对不同结局指标运动技能效果各有优势。(4)从不同参与肌肉群的技能看,随机练习对粗大运动技能和精细运动技能学习效果均好于组块练习。     

高山滑雪运动技能学习过程中的技能迁移与信息反馈

采用文献资料法和实地观察法,探讨了高山滑雪运动中技能学习过程中的技能迁移和信息反馈两方面的内容。根据技能迁移和信息反馈的特点,提出了适合高山滑雪运动技能迁移方法及建立合理的信息反馈体系,以促进高山滑雪运动技能的学习。     

A Comparison of the Effects of Physical and Mental Practice in Learning a Motor Skill

Abstract

This study sought to determine the relative effectiveness of mental and physical practice upon the learning of a selected motor skill, and the possible differential effects of mental practice during different stages of the learning period.

Ninety-three male volunteers were used as subjects. They were randomly assigned to the following five treatment conditions: control, mental practice, physical practice, mental-physical practice, and physical-mental practice. Practice consisted of throwing rubber balls at a target from a distance of 15 ft. The practice periods lasted for 18 days.

Initial and final tests were administered to determine the increase in skill. Data, which consisted of gain scores, were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results indicated that the only significant improvement occurred in the combination-type treatment conditons. Trend analysis was used to evaluate the changes in the daily practice scores. The results showed that either mental or physical practice was equally effective during the first half of the skill development period.     

Performance and Learning in a Discrete Motor Task under Massed Vs. Distributed Practice

Abstract

Three hundred male subjects, assigned in systematic rotation to five experimental groups (N = 60 in each) which differed in amount of distribution of practice, were tested on a discrete-trial motor learning task, the peg turn. All subjects were given 120 practice trials (60 trials a day), on two days separated by a 48-hour rest. Even though the peg turn task is inherently distributed, reminiscence did occur when the massing was made as large as practically possible. The amount of reminiscence depended upon the stage of practice. Warm-up decrement occurred in the peg turn under both massed and distributed practice conditions; the longer the rest, the greater the amount. Performance of the task under nonrhythmical conditions reduced the development of “set” during practice and thus decreased the amount of warm-up decrement after rest. Increased amounts of massing did have a deleterious effect on performance, but did not reduce the amount learned.     

Distribution of Practice in Motor Skill Acquisition: Different Effects for Discrete and Continuous Tasks

Abstract

Research on the benefits of distributed practice for the acquisition and retention of motor skills has a long history. The majority of this research has involved skill acquisition of continuous tasks. However, there is some evidence to suggest that distribution of practice effects are quite different for discrete tasks than for continuous tasks. In the present study, we used a single task, formed discrete and continuous versions of the task, and examined how acquisition and retention were affected by the length of inter-trial interval. The basic task was a movement timing task that involved either one timing estimate per trial (the “discrete” version) or twenty successive estimates per trial (the “continuous” version). Separate groups of subjects learned one version of the task under either distributed (25 s inter-trial intervals) or massed (0.5 s inter-trial intervals) practice conditions. Both massed and distributed retention trials were performed on the same version of the task according to a double transfer design. The results confirmed the apparent disparity: Acquisition and retention were facilitated by distributed practice on the continuous task, but by massed practice on the discrete task. These results were discussed in terms of the role of the inter-trial interval in discrete and continuous tasks.     

动作技能学习神经生理机制研究

动作技能学习是人类活动的基础,对人类的生存与发展具有重要意义。长期以来,侧重于动作的外显行为或部分神经活动研究,忽视从技能习得角度阐释其神经生理机制。以神经结构和功能的现有知识为基础,以动作技能学习过程为主线,梳理动作技能学习的神经生理机制,认为：大脑皮层是动作学习和控制中心,参与运动学习的不同方面。各皮层区域激发都取决于任务的特征,以确定运动的方向、计划以及最终执行。小脑主要做出时间节律调整、反馈和动作记忆的作用。皮质—基底节和皮质—小脑回路是空间和动作信息获取的关键,同时具有对动作进行反馈调整的作用。     

谈多球练习在普通高校网球选项课中的作用

在网球选项课中通过多球练习,使学生的网球基本技术有较大提高,并能解决高校网球专项课中普遍存在的人多、球少、时间少、场地少等问题。本文通过对西南财经大学2004级不同校区(光华校区、柳林校区)网球选项班的200多名学生进行对比教学实验,并对实验数据进行分析,得出结论并提出建议,旨在普通高校网球选项课教学的经验交流。     

迁移设计——运动技能学关于运动技能学习的研究方式

迁移设计是西方运动技能学关于运动技能学习的一种研究方式。由运动技能学习的特点以及集中练习与分散练习的经典研究可以看出，迁移设计的提出具有重大的科学价值和现实意义。对这一方法的学习与借鉴必将促进我国的运动技能学研究。     

The anaerobic power reserve and its applicability in professional road cycling

This study examined if short-duration record power outputs can be predicted with the Anaerobic Power Reserve (APR) model in professional cyclists using a field-based approach. Additionally, we evaluated if modified model parameters could improve predictive ability of the model. Twelve professional cyclists (V?O_2max 75 ± 6 ml?kg^?1?min^?1) participated in this investigation. Using the mean power output during the last stage of an incremental field test, sprint peak power output and an exponential constant describing the decrement in power output over time, a power-duration relationship was established for each participant. Record power outputs of different durations (5 to 180 s) were collected from training and competition data and compared to the predicted power output from the APR model. The originally proposed exponent (k = 0.026) predicted performance within an average of 43 W (Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) of 32 W) and 5.9%. Modified model parameters slightly improved predictive ability to a mean of 34–39 W (SEE of 29 – 35 W) and 4.1 – 5.3%. This study shows that a single exponent model generally fits well with the decrement in power output over time in professional cyclists. Modified model parameters may contribute to improving predictability of the model.     

影响体育专业学生运动技能形成的路径分析

从体育教学过程宏现层面上理解运动技能习得过程,试图重构运动技能形成的理论框架,并将影响运动技能形成的各因子转化为可操作性变量,运用AMOS数理统计软件,对开放性运动技能形成路径(以排球项目为实例)和混合性运动技能形戍路径(以背越式跳高为实例)进行分析.路径分析表明,无论是开放性运动技能学习还是混合性运动技能学习的过程,原有身体素质越高,运动技能学习掌握的程度越高;学习策略运用在混合性运动技能学习过程中作用系数为0,没有作用力,可能与该运动技能项目的特点有关,单纯的机械重复运动,缺乏一定的策略性;在开放性运动技能学习过程中,学习策略的作用力仅次于原有身体素质,总作用效应为0.198.