Notes: Russian Studies of Vision in Relation to Physical Activity and Sports

Abstract

The central purpose of this study was to determine the origin of sports extant in English-speaking countries. The method of research utilized was principally historical-bibliographical and was concerned with the collection, criticism, and synthesis of source material in an effort to establish past actuality. Specific documentary evidence concerning the date, place, and significant circumstances associated with the origins of 95 sports was synthesized. In most instances, establishing the date and place of origin was possible. Often, however, determining the personnel and circumstances connected with the origins was not possible. Charts show the dates of the origins chronologically, the origins attributed to various countries, and the activities from which the 95 sports evolved.     

Barriers to Physical Activity in Disadvantaged Population: A Qualitative Comparison between Roma and Non-Roma Women

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Despite the well-known health benefits of physical activity (PA), disadvantaged populations usually have lower PA levels than the rest of the population. Some intra- and interpersonal factors such as different types of barriers to PA may influence PA levels, particularly among disadvantaged adult women. The first aim of this qualitative study was to identify the barriers to PA perceived by disadvantaged adult women. The second aim was to analyse the differences in perceived barriers to PA between adult Roma and non-Roma women. Methods: Eleven disadvantaged adult women participated in the current study (M = 37.72; SD = 8.34), seven of whom belonged to the Roma population. Data were obtained from discussion groups as well as from one-to-one interviews, and these were analysed by NVivo Pro 11. Results: Three categories of perceived barriers to PA were identified: personal (i.e., economy, labour, physical limitations, illness, and psychological characteristics) social (i.e., culture, lack of social support, and family), and environmental. Family was identified as the main common and most frequent barrier to PA in disadvantaged adult women. Differences in perceived barriers to PA between adult Roma and non-Roma women were found. While Roma women perceived culture, physical limitations, and lack of social support barriers to PA, non-Roma women mainly perceived labour-related barriers to PA. Conclusions: Multilevel interventions addressing specific barriers to PA for disadvantaged adult women are required to overcome barriers to PA and, consequently, increase PA levels. Particular attention should be paid to specific barriers to PA among adult Roma and non-Roma women, respectively.     

Construct Validity Evidence for Single-Response Items to Estimate Physical Activity Levels in Large Sample Studies

Valid measurement of physical activity is important for studying the risks for morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to examine evidence of construct validity of two similar single-response items assessing physical activity via self-report. Both items are based on the stages of change model. The sample was 687 participants (men = 504, women = 183) who completed an 8-response (PA8) or 5-response (PA5) single-response item about current level of physical activity. Responses were categorized as meeting or not meeting guidelines for sufficient physical activity to achieve a health benefit. Maximal cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health markers were obtained during a clinical examination. Partial correlation, multivariate analysis of covariance, and logistic regression were used to identify the relations between self-reported physical activity, CRF, and health markers when controlling for gender and age. Single-response items were compared to a detailed measure of physical activity. Single-response items correlated significantly with CRF determined with a maximal exercise test on a treadmill (PA8 = .53; PA5 = .57). Differences in percentage of body fat and cholesterol were in the desired direction, with those self-reporting sufficient physical activity for a health benefit having the lower values. The single-response items demonstrated evidence of construct validity and may provide feasible, cost-effective, and efficient methods to assess physical activity in large-scale studies.     

Using Social Cognitive Theory to Predict Physical Activity and Fitness in Underserved Middle School Children

Abstract

Few researchers have used social cognitive theory and environment-based constructs to predict physical activity (PA) and fitness in underserved middle-school children. Hence, we evaluated social cognitive variables and perceptions of the school environment to predict PA and fitness in middle school children (N = 506, ages 10-14 years). Using multiple regression analyses we accounted for 12% of the variance in PA and 13-21% of the variance in fitness. The best predictors of PA were barrier self-efficacy, classmate social support, and gender; whereas, only gender predicted fitness. The results affirmed the importance of barrier self-efficacy and gender differences. Our findings regarding classmate social support are some of the first to illuminate the importance of school-specific peers in promoting PA.     

在体育教学中采用多媒体课件的利与弊

文章分析了多媒体计算机与体育教学有机的融合,并讨论了基于多媒体教学的电教法在体育教学中的作用和弊端,提出了体育教师提高自身素质,搞好体育教学的措施。     

The Association between Physical Activity Behavior and Commonly Reported Barriers in a Worksite Population

Recent experiments on the ski simulator produced ambiguous results and raised unanswered questions concerning the true nature of “novice” behavior and the occurrence of behavioral changes during learning. The aim of the present experiment was to analyze the evolving behavior of three beginners during six practice sessions on a ski simulator. The position of the apparatus platform was recorded as time series and used for constructing dynamical models, including stiffness and damping functions. The results showed that novices tended to exploit a Rayleigh damping behavior during the first trials and then transition toward a van der Pol damping. These results replicate previous observations by Nourrit, Delignières, Caillou, Deschamps, and Lauriot (2003) and suggest the transition to the expert behavior could arise early in practice, when the task is of moderate difficulty. The discussion focuses on the properties of the observed learning dynamics and proposes a global conceptualization for acquiring complex motor skills.     

乒乓球直拍正手攻球技术纠错法探讨

通过对体育教育专业乒乓球普修课进行观察统计，发现学生在学习乒乓球直拍正手近台攻球时，出现的错误动作较多，影响了技术动作的形成与基本技术的提高。为预防和纠正错误动作的产生和发展，本文提出了以手指调节为重点，以拍形和挥臂为关键的教学基本方法。     

Test-Retest Reliability of a Survey to Measure Transport-Related Physical Activity in Adults

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of the degree of original learning and the length of two nonpractice periods on reminiscence in badminton. Two groups were used, one having 6 weeks of instruction, the other 9 weeks. The nonpractice periods were 6 weeks and 12 weeks. The wall volley and short serve tests were given at the beginning and end of the instructional periods and at the end of each nonpractice period.

Reminiscence did occur in the wall volley skill during the first nonpractice interval for the group having 9 weeks of instruction and during the second nonpractice interval for the group having 6 weeks of instruction. Reminiscence did not occur for either group on the short serve skill.     

Attraction to Physical Activity in Urban Schoolchildren: Parental Socialization and Gender Influences

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the contribution of parental socialization processes and gender to children's interest in physical activity using Eccles' expectancy-value model of motivation. An additional purpose was to examine the nature of these relationships among children of a lower socioeconomic level, a sample that has been underrepresented in pediatric exercise research to date. Fourth- through sixth-grade children (N = 107) from a large metropolitan school district were participants in this study and completed questionnaires assessing attraction to physical activity, perceived physical competence, and perceptions of their parents' physical activity beliefs and behaviors. Multivariate regression analyses revealed a significant relationship between parental socialization processes and children's perceived physical competence and attraction to physical activity. Gender differences were also identified and were primarily related to liking of the exertional characteristics of physical activity and exercise. These findings are consistent with theory and research regarding parental and gender-role socialization during childhood.     

对我院武术专业（套路）学生考试成绩评定问题的探讨

为了提高体育院校武术专业考试的真实性和科学性，在调查研究的基础上，提出技术部分、理论部分的具体考试内容和评分方法．     

Testing Social-Cognitive Theory to Explain Physical Activity Change in Adolescent Girls From Low-Income Communities

Purpose

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesized structural paths in Bandura's social-cognitive theory (SCT) model on adolescent girls' physical activity following a 12-month physical activity and dietary intervention to prevent obesity.

Method

We conducted a 12-month follow-up study of 235 adolescent girls (M _age = 13.2 years, SD = 0.4) from 12 secondary schools located in low-income communities. At baseline, participants completed SCT scales related to physical activity (i.e., self-efficacy, intention, parental support, and outcome expectations). At baseline and 12-month follow-up (postintervention), participants wore accelerometers for 7 days. Structural equation modeling was used to determine if Time 1 measures predicted physical activity at 12-month follow-up after adjusting for baseline activity.

Results

The model explained 28% and 34% of the variance in physical activity and intention, respectively. Model fit indexes indicated the data were a good fit to the model; however, only self-efficacy was associated with physical activity at 12 months. There was no support for intention or outcome expectations as proximal determinants of behavior. Self-efficacy was associated with outcome expectations and parental support; however, only outcome expectations predicted intention.

Conclusions

Current findings indicate a large proportion of the variance for physical activity and intention remains unexplained and that the proposed pathways in the SCT model were not fully supported. Future model testing may need to consider augmentation or integration of theoretical models, which may include ecological components if we are to advance our understanding of physical activity behavior in this subgroup of the adolescent population.     

体育科研中运用显著性检验时须注意的若干问题

通过多年教学实践 ,分析总结出体育科研中运用显著性检验时须注意的一些问题 ,并提出了较为切实可行 ,简便实用的检验方法 ,供同行参考     

学业分层分班对高中生体力活动不足的影响与应对

目的了解分层分班教学管理模式对高中生在校体力活动水平的影响,为精准干预高中生体力活动不足提供依据。方法运用问卷调查法与数理统计法,对不同学业层级高中生体力活动内部动机、在校体力活动基本情况进行调查与比较分析。结果A、B层学生体力活动内部动机、课余体力活动水平无统计学差异。A层学生体育课活跃性体力活动水平低于B层、课间静坐少动时间多于B层、过去7d(天)每天锻炼达到1h的天数少于B层,差异有统计学意义(p<0.05~p<0.01)。结论学业分层可能造成学业成绩优秀的高中生在体育课中体力活动活跃性更低、课间静坐少动时间更多。对高中生体力活动不足的有效干预,需要家校、师生形成共识,共建多元干预格局,精准干预体育课堂体力活动质量和课间静坐少动行为。     

体育测量与评价学科发展中存在的问题及对策

对体育测量评价学科发展过程中存在的主要问题及原因进行了分析 ,提出了应当采取以下相应对策 ;处理好与其他学科的关系 ,处理好引进与消化的关系 ,处理好理论与实践的关系 ,建立起科学的体育测量评价学科体系 ;加强我国体育测量评价教学和研究人才培养 ;改革教学方法 ,提高教学效果和质量     

匈牙利体育状况对我省高校体育的启示

通过对匈牙利体育状况的全面调查,在竞技体育、群众体育的组织形式、管理手段、资金来源和参与率等方面进行了详细的阐述,从中得到了一些有益的启示。在此基础上,为我省学校体育的发展提出了建议。     

The Validity Generalization Model: An Approach to the Analysis of Validity Studies in Physical Education

Abstract

Validity generalization is a method of establishing the generalizability of the validity of a test by examining the results of all previous validity studies of the test of interest. In this paper, the validity generalization model was described and modified for application to concurrent validity studies of motor behavior. An example was provided using a small data set from selected studies of field tests of cardiorespiratory function. The model is recommended as an approach to clarifying the relationship between a test and a criterion measure in physical education and exercise science.     

体育课不同累积中-大强度体力活动时间对初中生健康体适能及情绪状态影响的实验研究

以初一年级5个班级145名学生为研究对象,采用5×2×2的3因素实验设计,根据体育课不同累积中‐大强度体力活动时间的实验实施方案,共进行8周实验干预。研究结果显示,体育课中累积MVPA时间增加有助于提高课堂运动负荷,且促进课堂运动负荷维持在较为稳定区间;体育课不同累积MVPA时间增加对身体成分和肌肉力量改善具有促进作用,60％累积MVPA运动时间对肌肉耐力改善显著好于对照班,50％以上累积 MVPA 运动时间显著改善心肺耐力,不同累积 MVPA 时间对柔韧度改善无显著性影响;体育课累积MVPA时间占课堂时间40％以上对学生情绪状态改善具有促进作用,其中,40％以上累积MVPA时间对学生疲劳情绪状态改善效果显著好于对照班学生,60％累积 MVPA时间对女生精力情绪状态改善效果非常显著好于对照班女生。