Interrater Objectivity for Field-Based Fundamental Motor Skill Assessment

We recently published an article on arm coordination and performance level in 400-m front-crawl swimming in Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (Schnitzler, Seifert, &; Chollet, 2011). The index of coordination (IdC) was used to quantify interarm coordination. Our results showed that expert swimmers exhibited lower IdC than recreational swimmers over a 400-m trial. In addition to criticizing various methodological points, Havriluk (2012) challenged our conclusion that catch-up could be an efficient model of coordination and instead suggested that it might lead to injuries. An important point in this debate, however, is that our definition of catch-up coordination may differ from the one proposed by Havriluk (2012), which would explain why we consider catch-up coordination to be the dominant mode of coordination used by expert swimmers during training sessions.     

The Reliability of Distance Run Tests for Children in Grades K—4

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine test–retest reliability for the 1-mile, 3/4-mile, and 1/2-mile distance run/walk tests for children in Grades K—4. Fifty-one intact physical education classes were randomly assigned to one of the three distance run conditions. A total of 1,229 (621 boys, 608 girls) complied the test–retests in the fall (October), with 1,050 of these students (543 boys, 507 girls) repeating the tests in the spring (May). Results indicated that the 1-mile run/walk distance, as recommended for young children in most national test batteries, has acceptable intraclass reliability (.83 < R < .90) for both boys and girls in Grades 3 and 4, has minimal (fall) to acceptable (spring) reliability for Grade 2 students (.70 < R < .83), but is not reliable for children in Grades K and 1 (.34 < R < .56). The 1/2 mile was the only distance meeting minimal reliability standards for boys and girls in Grades K and 1 (.73 < R < .82). Results also indicated that reliability estimates remained fairly stable across gender and age groups from the fall to spring testing periods, with the exception of the noticeably improved values for Grade 2 students on the 1-mile run/walk test. Criterion-referenced reliability (P, percent agreement) was also estimated relative to Physical Best and Fitnessgram run/walk standards. Reliability coefficients for all age group standards were acceptable to high (.70 < P < .95), except for Fitnessgram standards for 5-year-old girls on the 1-mile test for both fall and spring and for 6-year-old boys and girls on the 1-mile test administered in the spring.     

Reproducibility of an isokinetic eccentric muscle endurance task

Abstract

Despite the widespread use of isokinetic eccentric muscle endurance protocols, no research has examined the absolute and relative reliability of such tests. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of an isokinetic eccentric knee muscle endurance task. Fifteen healthy untrained males volunteered to take part in the study and written informed consent was obtained. The procedures received approval from the University Research Ethics Committee. Participants visited the laboratory on three separate occasions: 2 weeks before testing to familiarize them with the experimental procedures, and on two separate occasions, 2 weeks apart and at the same time of day. Isokinetic eccentric knee extension and flexion movements of the dominant limb were performed using a calibrated dynamometer (Biodex System 3). Range of motion during testing was set using voluntary maximal full extension (0 rad) to 1.57 rad of knee flexion and testing was conducted at 1.56 rad · s^?1. Participants performed four maximal efforts to determine maximal peak torque. After 2 min rest, participants completed the all-out endurance test of 50 continuous eccentric repetitions. Data were gravity corrected and windowed to only include constant velocity periods. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to examine differences in maximal peak extension and flexion torque and the maximal torque measurement recorded during the endurance test. Absolute and relative reliability of the torque fatigue index, work fatigue index, and total work were assessed through calculation of intra-class correlation coefficients, coefficients of variation, and absolute 95% limits of agreement using the methods described by Bland and Altman (1986). Differences between the strength test and the endurance trial for peak torque were found to be non-significant for both quadriceps (323 vs. 323 N · m) and hamstrings (183 vs. 178 N · m). The intra-class correlation coefficients revealed significant (P<0.05) positive moderate to strong correlations (r=0.44–0.94) across repeated trials for all parameters except hamstring torque fatigue (P=0.11) and hamstring work fatigue index (P=0.08). Coefficients of variation ranged from 6% to 48% and were large for the work fatigue index and torque fatigue index but acceptable for total work for both the extensors and flexors. The 95% limits of agreement indicated systematic bias in repeated trials for both the work fatigue index and torque fatigue index for extensors and flexors, ranging from ?3% to ?10%, with less fatigue evident in the second test. There was also systematic bias for total work, with more work being performed during the second than the first test for both extensors and flexors. The random error was large for all variables and there was greater random error in the hamstrings compared with the quadriceps. Together with moderate to strong intra-class correlation coefficients and large coefficients of variation, the data suggest that there is small systematic bias in repeated eccentric muscle actions for both the quadriceps and hamstrings, although the random error was large despite habituation procedures. Therefore, data from an isokinetic eccentric muscle endurance task should be viewed with some caution even when participants receive considerable habituation before assessment.     

Progression and variability of competitive performance of Olympic swimmers

Estimates of progression and variability of athletic performance in competitions are useful for researchers and practitioners interested in factors that affect performance. We used repeated-measures mixed modelling to analyse 676 official race times of 26 US and 25 Australian Olympic swimmers in the 12-month period leading up to the 2000 Olympic Games. Progression was expressed as percent changes in mean performance; variability was expressed as the coefficient of variation in performance of an individual swimmer between races. Within competitions, both nations showed similar improvements in mean time from heats through finals (overall 1.2%; 95% confidence limits 1.1 to 1.3%). Mean competition time also improved over 12 months by a similar amount in both nations (0.9%; 95% confidence limits 0.6 to 1.2%). The US swimmers showed a greater improvement between the finals (a difference of 0.5%; 95% confidence limits ?0.2 to 1.1%), which paralleled changes in the medal haul of the two nations. The coefficient of variation in performance time for a swimmer between races was 0.60% (95% confidence limits 0.56 to 0.65%) within a competition and 0.80% (95% confidence limits 0.73 to 0.86%) between competitions. Our results show that: (a) to stay in contention for a medal, an Olympic swimmer should improve his or her performance by ～1% within a competition and by ～1% within the year leading up to the Olympics; (b) an additional enhancement of ～0.4% (one-half the between-competition variability) would substantially increase the swimmer's chances of a medal.     

体育测量的可靠性概念及有关问题的讨论

从统计学的角度,明确提出测验的频数、测验的总体、总体可靠性系数和样本可靠性系数等重要概念,进而对体育测量的可靠性理论进行阐述,并结合参数估计的思想讨论了测验次数和样本含量对评价可靠性的影响。最后,对容易混淆的一些问题给予具体的分析     

改善跨栏跑周期节奏的标记法教学实验研究

在跨栏跑技术教学中 ,根据优秀运动员起跨、下栏和栏间各步步长以及所占栏距的百分比值 ,确定学生不同栏距各步步长的比例分配 ,用标记法给以限定 ,并通过抓两腿配合时机掌握跨栏步技术 ,对栏间跑的节奏产生良好影响 ,建立较合理的跨栏跑周期节奏 ,并通过教学实验得以验证     

模拟高住低练（HiLo）对血液成分影响的研究进展

高住低练即HiLo训练法,是近年来被提出来的一种新型的高原训练方法,可以解决传统高原训练中存在的不足。就HiLo训练法对机体血液学指标的影响等方面进行综述。     

A comparison of the agreement,internal consistency,and 2-day test stability of the InBody 720, GE iDXA,and BOD POD® gold standard for assessing body composition

The study compared the agreement, internal consistency, and measurement stability of the GE iDXA, BOD POD, and InBody 720. Body composition of 43 men and 37 women (31.4 ± 10.7 years; 90% Caucasian and 10% other) was assessed in triplicate using each method over two different days. Mean percent body fat (% BF) of the participants was different for all three machines (27.6 ± 10.0% [GE iDXA)] 25.6 ± 10.4% [BOD POD], and 21.3 ± 10.6% [InBody 720]; p < .05). The coefficient of variation for same day repeated measures was 1.06% (GE iDXA), 3.29% (BOD POD), and 2.97% (InBody 720). The coefficient of variation for 2-day repeated measures was 1.81% (GE iDXA), 4.61% (BOD POD), and 4.24% (InBody 720). The difference between the GE iDXA and BOD POD was within acceptable variability, while the InBody 720 significantly underestimated % BF. The internal consistency was highest for the GE iDXA, followed by the InBody 720, and then the BOD POD.     

现代三级跳远的最佳三跳比例的探讨

本文以具有当今世界水平的三级跳远选手的30组测试成绩为依据,运用二次响应面回归模型,研究了三级跳远成绩与三跳远度的关系。并用冷嵴分析的方法,给出了使三级跳远成绩达到最大值的最佳三跳组合(比例)模式。     

我国部分优秀男子三级跳远运动员助跑节奏及三跳比例特征研究

通过文献资料法、运动录像拍摄及解析法、对比分析法及数理统计法研究分析了2011年全国田径大奖赛(嘉兴站)男子三级跳远决赛前8名运动员的最好成绩下的助跑节奏和三跳比例特征。研究结果获得了我国优秀男子跳远运动员最好成绩下的最后20～11m和10～1m两个阶段的水平平均速度,最后6～3步和2～1步的水平平均速度,最后2步的步长和质心水平平均速度,三跳的距离和三跳的比例特征,并得出相应的结论。旨在为我国三级跳远项目训练的科学化提供一定的理论分析基础和实践参考依据。     

福建省学生近视眼患病率的动态分析

应用可比性原则，将2000年与1995年的福建省汉族学生的近视检出率进行纵向对比，结果发现，福建省学生的近视发生率显著上升，造成这种现象的原因是学习任务繁重导致长时间、近距离用眼过度、班生数太多、课桌椅高差与学生坐高不符及每周体育锻炼不足。对此，学校、家长应引起高度的重视。     

影响三级跳远成绩的若干因素

通过阅读、整理国内外有关三级跳远方面的献资料，阐明三级跳远中助跑速度、起跳技术、三跳比例、力量以及平衡对三级跳远成绩的影响，为三级跳远的研究提供参考。     

调整体育彩票收入分配的可行性研究

近期我国体育彩票销售量经过一段时间的快速增长后,开始进入到一个相对平稳的“停滞期”。究其原因,单一的玩法、较低的返奖率,是销量上不去的主要原因,为使其进一步扩大销量,必须开拓思路、积极创新,给体育彩票注入新的活力和内容。对体育彩票收入分配比例进行重新调整,提高返奖率有利于体育彩票业的发展。     

国内外优秀男子三级跳远运动员助跑节奏和三跳比例特征研究综述

通过阅读大量近年来有关国内外优秀三级跳远运动员助跑节奏和三跳比例特征方面的文献资料,总结、归纳并分析了国内外三级跳远运动员助跑节奏和三跳比例特征研究的现状及成果,为教练员从事三级跳远的训练工作提供一定的理论指导。     

散打运动员训练量监测与评定的生物学研究

采用实验测试的方法，研究男子散打运动员血尿素氮、血红蛋白、血睾酮、皮质醇、乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶等生化指标的变化。认为大运动量训练后，散打运动员优秀组血尿素氮值明显低于一般组；散打运动员血清肌酸激酶的值明显变化，说明肌酸激酶是评价运动量的敏感指标；乳酸脱氢酶也是评价散打运动量的敏感指标；血睾酮变化不明显，说明血睾酮不是评价运动量的敏感指标。