Analysis of Stroke Organization in the Backstroke as a Function of Skill

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of three different amounts of practice in combination with two types of variable practice conditions upon schema development. Seventy-two subjects were administered either 6, 18, or 36 trials while learning to move to either one- or three-criteria goals on the linear positioning task. Subjects then had 18 no-KR (knowledge of results) trials to produce a novel response. The statistical analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction for absolute error while no significant main or interaction effects existed for constant or variable error. Analysis of the simple main effects showed that the various amounts of practice produced similar performances for the subjects learning to move to only one criterion goal. For the subjects learning to move to three criteria goals during initial practice, the amount of practice provided was a significant factor in the accuracy and strength of the motor schema. Partial support is presented for schema theory.     

构建普通学生体育技能水平等级体系促进“阳光体育运动”

本文运用文献资料法等提出了构建学生体育项目技能水平等级体系的理论设想,并介绍其构建思路和方法及意义,同时对构建学生体育项目技能水平等级体系过程中存在的工作难点进行分析研究。其目的是建立较完善、系统的学生体育锻炼和竞赛激励机制打下一个良好的基础,让更多的普通学生有机会参加各种校内外体育运动赛事,促进“阳光体育运动”,同时,对提高体育教学计划、进度安排的针对性也有一定的参考价值。     

评价乒乓球初学者技能水平的探针测试法及其对比

采用实验对比法,探讨探针测试法评价乒乓球初学者技能水平的可行性,并比较了探针法与板击球法用于评价时的有效性。结果显示,探针法可用于评价乒乓球初学者的技能水平,且比板击球测试法更有效。     

State Anxiety as a Function of Skill Level and Proximity to Competition

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between the oversized racquet and the standard-sized racquet in (1) a tennis shot accuracy test on four basic strokes (ground strokes, volley, return of serve, and serve), and (2) a measure of players' subjective evaluation of playability (control, accuracy, power, and feel). Research participants (n = 57) were undergraduate students separated into two skill levels, intermediate (n = 29) and beginners (n = 28). Data were analyzed using a two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor. Result from the skills tests indicated that both beginning and intermediate groups scores significantly higher when using the oversized racquet. The scores received when using the oversized racquet tended to reflect a general increase in all four components of the skill test, particularly the return of serve. Data indicated that the subjective evaluation of the playing characteristic of each racquet was influenced by the player's skill level. Beginning players favored the oversized racquet, yet intermediate players rated the two racquet types about equal. The investigation suggests that beginning and intermediate tennis players, educators, and tennis teaching professionals should consider using and encouraging the use of oversized racquets.     

高水平运动技能训练中的运动知觉心理训练取向

针对目前高水平运动技能训练中解决细节问题时缺乏具体操作方法的现状,试图通过基础理论及运动专门化知觉训练范式的分析,以引起教练员对运动技能心理训练的重视。研究提出,应该重视心理训练在运动技能训练中的作用,心理训练不仅仅只是情绪管理,它还担负增强动作技能认知复述的任务;正确的运动知觉是运动反应的前提,专门化知觉训练是运动技能训练方法的取向;高水平运动技能训练中求质比求量更重要,破坏动力定型或认知结构的练习宁肯不做;建立科学的感知觉定位系统并结合有效反馈控制手段是操作策略;遮蔽、表象、反馈和量化控制等是技能细化的具体方法。     

上海优秀击剑运动员和跳水运动员注意特征比较

运用文献分析法、数据分析法,对上海优秀击剑运动员和跳水运动员注意特征的比较研究,发现跳水运动员与击剑运动运动员的注意特征有显著差异。注意稳定性及注意集中这两项注意特征,是优秀跳水运动员所具备的重要注意特征。优秀击剑运动员所具备的最重要的注意特征是注意转移。     

知觉运动技能训练的国外研究进展

采用文献综述法,从知觉运动技能训练研究的兴起与发展入手,对影响运动员知觉运动技能水平的视知觉“硬件”与“软件”研究现状进行分析。认为：运动员的视知觉硬件功能不是影响水平的显著指标,而对比赛情境中线索的利用能力、编码与回忆能力、视觉寻求的策略、期望与预期能力等软件因素,是影响运动员知觉技能水平的重要因素;指出了未来对这一课题研究需要解决的问题与发展的方向。     

优秀女子长拳运动员技能水平发挥的甄别研究——兼对十运会预、决赛得分情况分析

文章通过对参加十运会女子长拳决赛的12名运动员在预赛、决赛中的技能表现分析发现:在预、决赛中,动作质量、演练水平及难度等各部分技术得分对最后得分影响的偏重程度存在较大区别,动作质量和难度技术发挥的稳定性欠佳,难度技术在决赛中依然保持突前制胜的主导地位。     

论体育教学(训练)中注意品质的作用

体育教学(训练)中注意问题的提出，什么是注意品质，如何在教学(训练)中培养学生的注意品质，怎样运用注意品质进行教学(训练)，以达到身体素质和运动技能的提高。     

篮球裁判员知觉技能水平的测量与评价

采用比赛情景测试的方法,对不同等级篮球裁判员的知觉技能水平进行了测量与评价。结果显示,这一方法能有效区分不同等级篮球裁判员的知觉技能水平。有效评价指标是正确判断次数和漏判次数。     

体育教师运动技能水平再提升探析

采用问卷调查、数理统计及逻辑分析等方法对常州大学城高职院校体育教师运动技能水平、工作满意度等现状进行调查与分析,论述体育教师运动技能水平提升的必要性与可能性,为体育教学水平的提高奠定坚实的基础。     

论技能获得中的技能迁移

技能迁移在技能学习过程中是普遍存在的客观规律。体育教学过程中运用迁移知识合理组织和安排教学,强化动作技能的积极性迁移,对学生的技能形成会产生积极影响。     

The effect of a secondary cognitive task on landing mechanics and jump performance

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries commonly occur during jump-landing tasks when individuals’ attention is simultaneously allocated to other objects and tasks. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of allocation of attention imposed by a secondary cognitive task on landing mechanics and jump performance. Thirty-eight recreational athletes performed a jump-landing task in three conditions: no counting, counting backward by 1 s from a randomly given number, and counting backward by 7 s from a randomly given number. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected and analysed. Participants demonstrated decreased knee flexion angles at initial contact (p = 0.001) for the counting by 1 s condition compared with the no counting condition. Participants also showed increased peak posterior and vertical ground reaction forces during the first 100 ms of landing (p ≤ 0.023) and decreased jump height (p < 0.001) for the counting by 1 s and counting by 7 s conditions compared with the no counting condition. Imposition of a simultaneous cognitive challenge resulted in landing mechanics associated with increased ACL loading and decreased jump performance. ACL injury risk screening protocols and injury prevention programmes may incorporate cognitive tasks into jump-landing tasks to better simulate sports environments.     

论散手运动员的注意品质

注意是人们心理活动的共同特性，从注意的各个不同层次，结合散手运动项目及运动员的特点，研究注意品质的培养，对散手运动员在各级各类的临场比赛中，对技、战术的正常发挥，有着重要的积极作用。     

“速度-平跳”技术在三级跳远中的应用与发展

通过助跑上板的速度、单足跳后水平速度及单摆臂、三跳节奏等方面,分析了 １９９４年以来集美大学体育学院三级跳运动在“速度－平跳”技术运用过程中所取得的成绩及其技术发展特点。     

排球的发球技术在每球得分制比赛中的作用

本对2000年奥运会男排比赛、2002年世界男排锦标赛的发球技术的统计资料进行对比分析，找出世界强队在发球技术环节体现出来的统计学特征，为各级运动队的训练和比赛提供参考。     

心理技能训练对跳高技评应激时的绩效和免疫机能的影响

探讨心理技能训练对高、低特质焦虑体育学院男性学生跳高技评应激时的绩效和免疫指标的影响。要求受试进行 4周的跳高练习 ,在这期间 ,采用放松技能训练和表象技能训练对心理技能训练组进行训练 ,非心理技能训练组则未实施。结果表明 :在跳高技评应激条件下 ,高焦虑组受试的跳高技评绩效显著下降 ;非心理技能训练组受试的淋巴细胞增殖能力显著下降 ;其中 ,未进行心理技能训练的高焦虑组受试的 IL - 1显著上升。     

Relationship of Technical Skill Rank to Age,Gender, and Number of Years in Dance Training

Abstract

The field of movement behavior has been strongly led by a research tradition in which manipulations are performed in order to search for differences in dependent variables. In this article, I argue for an alternative viewpoint, in which experimental manipulations are provided so that invariances in dependent variables can be seen. If, in the face of changes in nearly countless dependent variables, a particular simple or derived value remains constant, strong suggestions are provided about the underlying control of the motor system. This method is illustrated with examples of invariances in motor behavior, the most important of which is the tendency for the temporal events in a movement to expand or contract nearly proportionally with movement time so that relative timing is invariant. A model following from these invariances, and criticisms of it, are discussed.     

注意分配能力对普通高校学生网球技能发展的预测效度研究

为了更好地完成大学网球课程的教学任务,本课题在分析了网球运动特点的基础上,针对18～21岁在校大学生在网球运动技能初学阶段的学习,选取了注意分配能力指标与较为客观的ITN测评系统进行其网球技能发展的预测效度研究,旨从中找出能有效帮助其进行网球运动技能初期阶段学习的侧重点,以此来辅助教师教学,使教学效果达到最佳。研究表明：按性别分组,男女生在注意分配能力上不存在差异,在ITN测试总分上存在差异,但在ITN测试等级上无差异。注意分配能力与ITN测试得分有相关性。在网球初期教学阶段应注重注意分配能力的培养,可有效提高网球技能水平。     

Visual Recognition of a Gymnastics Skill by Experienced and Inexperienced Instructors

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between teaching experience and selected factors involved in skill analysis, namely, perceptual recognition and visual inspection strategy. Specifically, the study compared three groups with different levels of gymnastic teaching experience in the ability to recognize components of previously presented gymnastic performances. The nature of the recognition task also made it possible to test certain tentative hypotheses regarding strategies employed by the groups. The recognition accuracy of 20 gymnastic coaches (Specialists), 20 veteran physical education teachers (Generalists), and 20 pre-service physical education teachers (Novices) were assessed using a unique film/slide testing technique which permitted variation of the information load imposed upon the observer. Results indicated that Specialists were significantly more accurate than Generalists and Novices, but that Generalists were not different from Novices. There was no statistical indication that Specialists allocated attention to the components of the gymnastic performances differently than the less experienced groups, although there were indications of a unique visual profile for Specialists when observing under the largest information load condition.