Relationship between Working Environment,Self-Concept,Real-Ideal Self Discrepancy,and Functionality in Physical Education Teachers

Abstract

The major purposes of the present study were to determine to what extent and in what ways an individual's personality is affected by the working environment. Three questions were asked about the effect of working environment on: (a) realism or accuracy of self-concept, (b) agreement between real self and ideal self, and (c) functionality of personality characteristics. Subjects were 49 physical education faculty in three inner-city and three suburban Los Angeles area high schools. The Holmen Adjective Check List (HACL) was used to assess self-concept, real-ideal self discrepancy, and functionality. Results showed that: (a) suburban teachers had more accurate self-concepts than did inner-city teachers, (b) suburban teachers were seen as being more like their “ideal selves” than were inner-city teachers, and (c) individuals experienced in a given work setting were not necessarily seen as better adapted to that environment than those not working there.     

Effect of Weight Training on Self-Concept: A Profile of those Influenced Most

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the effect of weight training on the self-concepts of college males. Another purpose was to identify the types of males, relative to measures of extroversion, neuroticism, body cathexis, somatotype, and muscular strength, who experience the most improvement in self-concept during a lifting program. Subjects of the experimental group (n = 113) trained with weights twice each week for 16 weeks, while controls (n = 127) were educated relative to personal health concepts. The results revealed significant posttest differences in global, internal, and external self-concept between the groups, confirming the hypothesis that regular weight training is positively associated with the improvement of self-concept. Pretest body cathexis, self-concept, and neuroticism scores were significant predictors of global self-concept change from the pretest to the posttest, whereas pretest measures of extroversion, somatotype, and muscular strength were not. Changes in neuroticism, body cathexis, and muscular strength scores were significant predictors of self-concept change, while extroversion change was not, indicating that the positive association between weight training and self-concept enhancement is multivariately determined, and that some types of males experience more improvement of self-concept than others during a weight training regime.     

Decision-Making in Elementary School-Age Children: Effects upon Motor Learning and Self-Concept Development

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of variable decision-making teaching models upon the development of body coordination and self-concept of children in grades one through five. Students in two socioeconomically equivalent schools of a large, inner-city school system constituted the sample (N = 285) for this study. Intact classroom groups from the experimental school were randomly assigned to one of two experimental treatments. The control school did not receive any treatment. The experimental treatments consisted of two physical education programs which varied only in the type of teacher behavior exhibited. Cheffers' Adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System (Cheffers, Mancini, & Marlinek, 1980) was used to verify the two treatments used. The Schilling Body Coordination Test (Schilling & Kephart, 1976) was used to evaluate motor skill development, and the Marlinek-Zaichkowsky Self-Concept Scale (1977) was used to evaluate self-concept development. Results indicated that learners can be given decision-making responsibility within the physical education environment and, at the same time, maintain a level of motor skill achievement equal to that of learners who have not been allowed to make decisions within the learning environment. No conclusions could be drawn concerning the effects of student decision making upon self-concept development. Additional results indicated that the development of body coordination is a function of maturation, and that no relationship exists between self-concept and body coordination.     

Relationship between Self-Concept,Body Build,and Perception of Father's Interest in Sports in Boys

Abstract

This study was designed to assess the relationship between self-concept, body build, and perception of father's interest in sports in grade 6 and grade 9 boys. Subjects were chosen on the criteria of differing body build measured by the ponderal index and perception of high or low father interest in sports. Analysis of variance of the self-concept scores indicated differences in the grade 6 sample associated with both body build and perception of father's interest.

The lack of similar associations in the grade 9 sample suggests that the relationship between the variables changes in the junior high school level.     

身高标准体重指标与大学生身体成分的关系

为探讨身高标准体重指标与身体成分的关系，以220名普通大学生（男女各110名）为实验对象，通过测量其身高、体重与身体成分，结果发现身高标准体重指标与身体成分之间相关性极低（P〉0．05），而体重指数（BMI）、体脂百分比和腰臀比（WHR）与身体成分有高度相关性（P〈0．01）。结论：（1）《大学生体质健康标准》中身高标准体重指标不能客观有效地评价身体成分；（2）建议在《大学生体质健康标准》中，评价身体成分的指标宜选体脂百分比、BMI和WHR，首选为体脂百分比。     

不同传统体育项目大学生体脂含量与胖瘦观念的比较与分析

本文对我校正在学习传统体育项目的二年级大学生的体脂含量和胖瘦观念进行随机抽样调查。调查结果显示,学习传统体育项目的大学生体型分布呈正态分布,课堂上的运动强度有可能会影响学生的体脂含量。虽然大学生重视体重对健康的影响,然而有相当一部分大学生对体型胖瘦的标准并不清楚。男大学生中仅有58.7%对自己的体型有正确的认识,女大学生中仅有56.8%对自己的体型有正确的认识。一些体型偏瘦或过瘦的男生没有意识到自己体型偏瘦或过瘦,一部分体脂正常的女生则认为自己偏胖。体育教学中有必要帮助大学生树立正确的胖瘦观念和标准。     

Self-belief does make a difference: A reciprocal effects model of the causal ordering of physical self-concept and gymnastics performance

Abstract

A large body of research in support of the reciprocal effects model of causal ordering demonstrates that prior academic self-concept predicts subsequent academic achievement beyond what can be explained in terms of prior achievement. Here we evaluate the generalizability of this support for the reciprocal effects model to a physical activity context in which achievement is reflected in gymnastics skills on a standardized gymnastics performance test evaluated by expert judges. Based on the responses of 376 adolescents collected at the start (T1) and end (T2) of a gymnastics training programme, there is support for a reciprocal effects model in which there are significant paths leading from both T1 gymnastics self-concept to T2 gymnastics skills and from T1 gymnastics skills to T2 self-concept. Although there were gender and age effects (girls and older participants had better gymnastics skills, boys had higher self-concepts), multiple group structural equation models indicated that support for the reciprocal effects model generalized over responses by boys and girls. In summary, self-concept and performance are both determinants and consequences of each other.     

Influence of Decision-Making on Attitudes,Creativity, Motor Skills and Self-Concept in Elementary Children

Abstract

Attitudes, creativity, self-concept and motor skills were measured to determine the influence of decision-making on elementary children. Three groups of children (N = 208) were tested, one group was taught with the teacher dominating all classroom decisions, another group was encouraged to share in the decision-making, and a third group served as a control. Data were collected immediately before and after an eight-week instructional period. MANCOVA indicated that the two treatment groups had significantly higher scores than did the control group, and the shared decision-making group scored significantly higher than the teacher dominated group on measures of creativity, motor skills and self-concept. A 2 (treatment) × 2 (sex) × 5 (grade) ANOVA revealed significantly more positive attitude scores for children allowed to make decisions regarding their learning. Further, Pearson product-moment correlation showed the tested variables to be independent measures of a child's development.     

Assessing Body Composition of Children and Adolescents Using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry,Skinfolds, and Electrical Impedance

To determine the validity and reliability of percent body fat estimates in 177 boys and 154 girls between 12–17 years of age, percent body fat was assessed once using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and twice using the sum of two skinfolds and three bioelectrical impedance analysis devices. The assessments were repeated on 79 participants on a second day. The agreement between the percent body fat estimates from the four prediction methods and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was evaluated using Bland–Altman analyses and a mixed linear model. All methods were reliable within and between days. The sum of two skinfolds (±6.8% body fat), OMRON (OMRON Healthcare Inc., Vernon Hills, Illinois, USA) bioelectrical impedance analysis (0 ± 7.3% body fat), and TANITA 521 (TANITA Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) bioelectrical impedance analysis (±7.6% body fat) had wide prediction intervals and are acceptable for use in large population-based studies. The TANITA 300A bioelectrical impedance analysis is not recommended for use in children and adolescents due to its wide prediction interval (±8.1% body fat) and large bias. A criterion method should be used when the accurate assessment of body composition of an individual is critical.     

Expectancy effects in tennis: The impact of opponents' pre-match non-verbal behaviour on male tennis players

Abstract

In this study, we examined the impact of a male opponent's pre-match body language and clothing (general vs. sports-specific) on how his performances were judged by an observer. Forty male tennis players viewed videos of a male target tennis player warming up and then observed playing footage of the target. Each participant viewed the target player warming up displaying one of four combinations of body language and clothing (positive body language/tennis-specific clothing; positive body language/general sportswear; negative body language/tennis-specific clothing; negative body language/general sportswear). Participants rated the performance of the tennis player and gave their perceptions of the likely outcome of a tennis match with the target player. Analyses of variance indicated that clothing and body language had an interactive effect on both outcome expectations and ratings of performance. The findings support the contention that the initial impressions athletes form of their opponents can influence the way in which they judge the performances of opponents and their perceived likelihood of success against the same opponents.     

Nutritional intake and body composition changes in a UCI World Tour cycling team during the Tour of Spain

Abstract

The aim of this study was to quantify the food intake of an International Cyclist Union (UCI) World Tour professional cyclist team and to analyse changes in body composition during the Tour of Spain. Nine male professional road cyclists (31.3?±?3.0 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Nutritional data were collected each day throughout the 3-week Tour by two trained investigators who weighed the food ingested by the cyclists. Mean nutritional intake of the cyclists was as follows: carbohydrate, 12.5?±?1.8?g/kg/day of body weight (BW) (65.0?±?5.9%); fat, 1.5?±?0.5 g/kg/day BW (17.9?±?5.6%); and protein, 3.3?±?0.3?g/kg/day BW (17.1?±?1.6%). Intake of all micronutrients, except for folate, vitamin D and potassium (which were 78.7%, 46% and 84% of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), respectively), exceeded the RDA. Height, weight, skinfolds, circumferences and diameters were taken following the guidelines outlined by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Body density, body fat percentage, muscle mass, total muscle mass and fat mass of the arms and thighs were calculated. Percentage body fat, fat mass and upper arm fat mass significantly decreased (p < .05) after the Tour independent of the equation method used in the calculations. Total muscle mass remained unchanged. Generally, this sample of cyclists consumed more protein and less fat than the recommended amount and had low weight, BMI and fat mass. It is suggested that sports nutritionists design personalised diets in order to maintain a correct proportion of nutrients as well as controlling possible anthropometrical changes that could affect performance.     

Growth and body composition in Brazilian female rhythmic gymnastics athletes

Abstract

The aim was to analyse the physical growth and body composition of rhythmic gymnastics athletes relative to their level of somatic maturation. This was a cross-sectional study of 136 athletes on 23 teams from Brazil. Mass, standing height and sitting height were measured. Fat-free and fat masses, body fat percentages and ages of the predicted peak height velocity (PHV) were calculated. The z scores for mass were negative during all ages according to both WHO and Brazilian references, and that for standing height were also negative for all ages according to WHO reference but only until 12 years old according to Brazilian reference. The mean age of the predicted PHV was 12.1 years. The mean mass, standing and sitting heights, body fat percentage, fat-free mass and fat mass increased significantly until 4 to 5 years after the age of the PHV. Menarche was reached in only 26% of these athletes and mean age was 13.2 years. The mass was below the national reference standards, and the standing height was below only for the international reference, but they also had late recovery of mass and standing height during puberty. In conclusion, these athletes had a potential to gain mass and standing height several years after PHV, indicating late maturation.     

Reliability and agreement between DXA-derived body volumes and their usage in 4-compartment body composition models produced from DXA and BIA values

Two research groups recently produced equations for estimation of body volume from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. These body volume estimates can be used for body composition evaluation in modified 4-compartment models. In the present analysis, the reliability of body volume calculations, as well as their usage in 4-compartment models, was explored while employing precise scheduling of assessments and dietary standardization. Forty-eight recreationally active males and females completed two pairs of identical assessments, which included a DXA scan and single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Each assessment within a pair was separated by 24 hours, during which participants were provided a standardized diet. Body volume and 4-compartment equations were applied to the data, and metrics of reliability and agreement were calculated for body volume and 4-compartment components. While both body volume equations demonstrated excellent reliability individually, substantial disagreement between equations was present when utilized in 4-compartment equations. The magnitude of this disagreement was 4.3 kg for lean mass and fat mass and 6.9% for body fat percentage. At present, the large discrepancies in body composition components when using existing body volume equations preclude their interchangeability and demonstrate the need for continued exploration of the utility of body volume estimates.     

双能X线骨密度仪身体成份测量在运动医学中的应用

定期评估身体成分的变化,对监控运动员的成长、提高训练效果、评估健康及营养状况等都至关重要.传统的2C模型常常因选择不恰当的参考模型,造成测量误差.双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)作为评估2C模型的金标准,在准确测量骨密度的同时,提供了更多全身和局部的肌肉和脂肪信息.由于它测量重复性好、快速简便、辐射量极低,在运动医学的身体成分研究中得到越来越广泛应用,是值得推荐的先进工具.     

Body Composition of Olympic Speed Skating Candidates

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the body composition of speed skaters who were candidates for the 1980 United States Olympic Team. Subjects were 19 males between 16 and 27 years of age. Most subjects had just completed three months of intensive dry-land training. Seven skinfold fat, 11 circumference, and seven diameter sites were measured. Body density was determined by underwater weighing. Study of the speed skaters (mean ± standard deviation) gave the following results: height, 176 ± 8 cm; body weight, 69.6 ± 7.0 kg; body density, 1.081 ± 0.006 g/ml; and relative fat, 7.6 ± 2.6%. The eight speed skaters who were selected for the Olympic Team were significantly older, taller, and heavier in total body weight and fat free weight (FFW) than the non-Olympians. Thus, years of training and greater FFW may help differentiate international caliber male speed skaters. Data on Olympic speed skating candidates from 1968 showed them to be of similar age (20.1 yr) and height (176 cm), but greater in body weight (73.9 kg). Relative fat was not determined but the body mass index (Wt/ht²) showed that the present speed skaters may be leaner (24.0 vs 22.2). These differences in body composition were thought to be, in part, a result of the more rigorous training program currently used by speed skaters. The body composition of the speed skaters was also compared to that of other athletic groups.     

Changes in Self-Concepts during a Physical Development Program

Abstract

Three measures of self-concept were administered to children referred to a physical developmental clinic both before and after the six-week clinic program. The 74 children studied were referred primarily because of emotional disturbances, brain damage, and mental retardation. A comparison of preclinic and postclinic scores indicated the following significant changes: (a) decrease in self—self-ideal discrepancy on height, (b) increase in willingness to be with larger groups of children, (c) increase in willingness to be near the clinician, and (d) increase in desire (self-ideal) to be near the father. No significant changes occurred with respect to weight, arm length, leg length, or activity orientation.     

Relationship of Somatotype and Body Composition to Physical Performance in 7- to 12-Year-Old Boys

The purpose of this study was to determine the association of somatotype, body composition, and physical performance in 7- through 12-year-old boys. Two objective methods of measuring somatotype, Sheldon's trunk index method and Heath–Carter's anthropometric method, were used. Body composition was estimated as fat and lean body mass from ⁴⁰K measurement, using a whole-body counter, and from two skinfold thickness measures. Physical performance measures consisted of three tests of running (mile run, 600-yd run and 50-yd dash) and two tests of jumping (standing broad jump and vertical jump). In general, somatotype components had lower correlations with running and jumping variables than did body composition or body size variables such as height, weight, and percent fat. Heath and Carter's third component, derived from the inverse ponderal index, correlated more closely with performance scores than did other components of somatotype. Somatotype components in combination with each other and with body size and body composition variables in a multiple regression analysis indicated little association with running performance, but some association with jumping. Mesomorphy and second component were the least significant somatotype components, as indicated by the standardized regression coefficients.     

Childhood single skinfold thickness is a better predictor for adult relative fat mass in females than the body mass index: Data from a 30-year longitudinal growth study

Abstract

Information on the prediction of adult relative fat mass (percent body fat,%BF) using measures from pre-pubertal ages and early childhood is scarce. In the present longitudinal study, we assess the development of different anthropometric indicators of percent body fat during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood in 37½-year-old females stratified for low and high percent body fat. Consequently, we study the predictability of percent body fat based on simple anthropometric measurements during childhood and adolescence.

Anthropometric data from the Belgian longitudinal experimental growth study “LEGS” were used. Beginning in 1969, five yearly cohorts of about 100 individuals each (mean age 6 years) were recruited in public kindergartens. Of the original 515 participants (260 males, 255 females) that were measured annually from age 6 to 18 years, 59 males and 60 females agreed to participate in a follow-up study in 2004. During the follow-up measurements, the participants were invited for a body-composition assessment by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). We stratified the participants into low (%BF-BIA < 35%) and high (%BF-BIA≥35%) relative fat mass samples. Pearson correlations were calculated and used as tracking coefficients. Multiple stepwise linear regression was applied with anthropometric variables at each age separately as predictors for adult percent body fat, expressed as%BF-BIA, %BF-Segal, and %BF-D&W (Durnin & Womersley, 1974).

The results indicate that a single skinfold thickness during adolescence is a better predictor for adult percent body fat than adolescent body mass index. Additionally, our results suggest that this holds during childhood as early as from age 8 onwards. The use of single skinfold measurements as predictors for adult adiposity and obesity is supported by other arguments, including: (1) body mass index as a proxy for overweight does not discriminate between fat mass and fat-free mass, and (2) an excess of adipose tissue is more strongly associated with morbidity than the body mass index.     

Validation of a New Skinfold Prediction Equation Based on Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Skinfold prediction equations recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine underestimate body fat percentage. The purpose of this research was to validate an alternative equation for men created from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Two hundred ninety-seven males, aged 18–65, completed a skinfold assessment and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to determine percent of body fat. Three American College of Sports Medicine equations (JP7, JP3a, and JP3b) and the new dual energy x-ray absorptiometry criterion equation were used to predict percent of body fat. Mean age was 32.4 ± 14.0 years and mean BMI was 25.6 ± 3.3 kg/m². The mean dual energy x-ray absorptiometry percent of body fat was 18.0 ± 5.9. The mean percent of body fat for Dual Energy X-Ray Aborptiometry (DC), JP7, JP3a, and JP3b were 19.1 ± 6.3, 16.1 ± 7.4, 14.8 ± 6.8, 15.6 ± 6.7, respectively. The standard error of the estimate of DC was low (2.72%) and was highly correlated (R² = 0.87) with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The DC equation more accurately predicted percent of body fat across a general population of men than the recommended American College of Sports Medicine equations.