Memory for Preselected and Constrained Short Movements

Abstract

The present experiment investigated the recall of terminal location and distance of both preselected and constrained short movements (12 cm ± 4 cm approximately) following 5 second and 30 second unfilled retention intervals. Systematic alteration of the magnitude and direction of the starting position for recall movements revealed that the distance moved markedly interfered with the recall of the terminal location, but distance was essentially recalled independently of terminal location. Recall of distance was superior to terminal location for both the unfilled retention intervals, and there was a decrease in location recall performances following the longer 30 second delay when compared to recall attempts after the shorter 5 second delay. The Findings are discussed in terms of recent proposals to account for the memory for, and control of, discrete limb movements.     

Stimulus Velocity,Duration and Uncertainty as Determiners of Response Structure and Timing Accuracy

Abstract

The present experiments examined the effects of stimulus velocity, stimulus duration, and stimulus uncertainty on the spatial-temporal structure and timing accuracy of coincident timing responses. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that the response structure for aimed movements differed from that of ballistic movements but response accuracy was comparable for both movement conditions. However, when information concerning the stimulus velocity was provided, the responses to the faster stimuli (i.e., stimuli of shorter duration) appeared to be “speeded up” copies of those to slower stimuli and response accuracy increased as the stimulus velocity increased (i.e., stimulus duration decreased). When the stimulus velocity was not known, subjects initiated a common response for approximately 260 msec and response accuracy appeared to decrease as the stimulus velocity increased (i.e., stimulus duration decreased). Experiment 2 indicated that the stimulus duration rather than the stimulus velocity was the major determiner of both the spatial-temporal structure and timing accuracy and that a very fast and a very slow stimulus will be responded to similarly when the stimulus duration remains constant.     

动作系统的结构及其发展过程中相关关系的探讨

对动作系统结构的定义和含义、构成要素和组合方式、分类和各要素之间的关系、动作结构与功能的关系进行了阐述,并对动作系统结构形成与发展过程中的一些辨证关系如整合与分解、稳定与变异、有序与无序、随意性控制与自动化控制、稳固与提高、共性与个体差异、进化与退化等进行了理论探讨,以期为动作学习与运动训练提供理论参考。     

现代奥林匹克运动面临的困境

本文运用文献资料法,论述现代奥林匹克运动所面临的困境。研究认为：要使奥林匹克运动健康、干净的发展,应积极推进国际奥委会改革,加强监督机制,促进官员自律;加强体育主体的职业道德修养,提高人文素养;防止竞技体育过度商业化。     

对游泳接力项目接跳时机的研究

研究通过对我国2009年全国游泳冠军赛比赛接力项目的冲刺速度以及冲刺时间等参数特征按不同组别、不同小项进行分析整理,综合考虑台上出发反应时间的平均水平、不同泳式以及交棒者手部位置对冲刺可能造成的时间误差,推算出作为台上运动员判断出发启动时机的交棒运动员头部距池壁距离范围,以期提高接力项目接跳训练的效率。     

新型径赛计时系统设计

本文阐述了一种用于田径比赛的新型径赛计时系统。该系统通过采用自动化技术、添加辅助设备等手段有效的弥补了目前系统的不足。本文介绍了新型竞赛计时系统的构架,自动化在新系统中的应用,以及新型径赛赛计时系统在未来的发展方向。     

世居高原中长跑运动员营养状况调查

对21名云南省世居高原的中长跑男运动员进行了5天的营养调查工作。结果显示动物性食品和油脂类摄入量偏高;热源质分配比不适宜,蛋白质和脂肪含量偏高,碳水化合物偏低;部分维生素和无机盐摄入不足。体格检查显示有55%的运动员BMI<20。生化检查显示有36.4%的运动员体内维生素B1营养水平不足或缺乏。     

中外优秀女子运动员自由体操比赛中技巧动作的比较研究

以第35届世锦赛和九运会女子自由体操决赛的16名运动员为对象，对其成套动作进行了比较研究。结果表明：中外优秀运动员在成套动作的难度和最后成绩上无显著差异，但在动作类型的选用与组合方式以及完成动作的质量等方面有显著性差异，国外运动员以后空翻转体连接前空翻的组合为主，显示出多样化特征，且完成质量较高，值得我们学习、借鉴。     

Movement Time Modulates Spatial Assimilation Effects in Rapid Bimanual Movements

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between use of the conventional football shoe and the epidemic of knee injuries occurring in organized football. All knee injuries in the Public High School League in 1968 and in the Catholic High School League in 1969, when players in the respective leagues wore the conventional shoe, were documented. During the 1969 and 1970 seasons, all Public League players wore “soccer type” shoes with molded soles containing fourteen ?-inch cleats. All Catholic League players wore similar shoes in 1970. In both leagues, all practices and games were conducted on natural turf. Injuries occurring with the soccer type shoe were documented. Comparison of the two groups demonstrated a marked decrease in both the incidence and severity of knee injuries in both leagues when the players wore the multi-cleated shoe. It is strongly recommended that the conventional football shoe be condemned and that only shoes meeting the following specifications be permitted: (a) synthetic molded sole, (b) minimum of 14 cleats per shoe, (c) minimum cleat tip diameter of ½ inch, (d) maximum cleat length of ? inch.     

少年规定拳动作结构分析

文章运用文献资料法、资料分析法等研究方法,对少年规定拳套路的动作结构进行了分析,结论认为:少年规定拳套路内容充实,段与段、组合与组合之间的节奏、结构、布局也基本体现出了动静疾缓、快慢、刚柔相兼,变化自然,结构基本合理,布局比较严谨,能从一些方面反映武术的本质。     

我国优秀女子举重运动员主要专项辅助动作成绩与竞赛动作成绩相关分析

采用文献资料、专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计等研究方法,对我国优秀女子举重运动员主要专项辅助动作成绩与竞赛动作成绩进行相关研究。结果显示:主要专项辅助动作成绩与竞赛动作成绩具高度显著性相关;高抓、高翻借力推、宽硬拉成绩与抓举成绩,下蹲翻半挺成绩与挺举成绩直接相关;高抓、高翻借力推、下蹲翻半挺成绩共同作用影响抓举成绩;下蹲翻半挺、前深蹲成绩共同作用影响挺举成绩;主要专项辅助动作成绩受爆发力和绝对力量的影响。     

体育动作系统的特性探讨

科学地研究体育动作及其众多动作组成的系统是人们认识动作技术,提高动作技能的基础。对动作系统的特性如整体性、综合性、层次性、结构性、环境关联性、功能性、动态稳定性进行了理论诠释和探讨,以期为体育动作学习与竞技技术训练提供理论上的参考。     

运动训练时间信息的分类与调控

以时间学理论为基础, 将运动训练时间学作为一个系统进行研究, 对运动训练时间信息的概念、特性进行了分析, 并根据运动训练实际进行了细致的分类。同时探讨了运动训练时间系统调控的原理、调控的主要内容及相关的概念、具体分类及规律, 并对调控的具体方法、方式进行了较为系统地研究。     

速度滑冰大全能运动员比赛期间疲劳的消除与恢复

速度滑冰大全能比赛对运动员的体能和疲劳的恢复提出了很高的要求,结合速滑大全能比赛的特点及其运动员比赛中机体能量供应的特点,通过文献资料法和访谈法分析大全能运动员在比赛过程中产生疲劳的原因和机理,探讨速度滑冰运动员比赛期间疲劳产生的部位和诊断方法。研究结果表明通过教育学恢复方法、医学生物学恢复方法和心理性恢复等方法的有机结合可以有效地消除和恢复运动员比赛期间疲劳,为速度滑冰训练、比赛中运动员的疲劳消除和恢复提供参考和建议。     

改善学生有氧耐力素质的定时教学方法的研究

针对我国青少年学生有氧耐力素质下降的实际情况，根据现代体育健身理论，设计体育课8min定时分段教学法进行实验研究，结果表明这种教学方法对培养学生的身心素质，尤其是提高有氧耐力素质有直接良好作用，并对学生的体育健身意识和行为习惯也有非常积极的影响。     

Assimilation Effects in Coincident Timing Responses

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to investigate ways in which gender-related perceptions and actions influenced students' construction of realities in curriculum-in-action in secondary school physical education. The participants were junior and senior secondary school students in a midwestern city in the United States. Data collection methods included observations and interviews. Data were analyzed with inductive analytical procedures. The findings of the study revealed that a majority of the female and male students reproduced traditionally dominant forms of femininity and masculinity. Female students patterned their behavior consistent with feminine ideology in selecting and participating in class activities, and male students chose and participated in class activities along masculine conceptions. The results were interpreted with reproduction and resistance theories. While femininity and masculinity cultures were reproduced through students' choice of activities and participation patterns, these cultures were resisted through students' construction of oppositional behavior.     

体育教学中的动作技能反馈刍议

动作技能反馈是动作技能形成的催化剂。通过体育教学中动作技能反馈的意义、方法和要求等,进行了简要的分析与论述,希望对提高体育教学质量能起到促进作用。     

时间规则的修改对篮球运动的影响

从现代篮球运动发展来看,篮球规则中的时间规则经过多次增减和修改,促进了篮球技术、战术的发展,大大地提高了攻守转换速度,以适应现代篮球运动发展的客观需求。     

篮球比赛计时记分系统设备的研制与应用

为提高我国CBA联赛信息技术服务水平,在中国篮协的支持下,国家体育总局体育信息中心项目组在深入调查研究的基础上,成功组织监制开发了新型篮球计时记分系统设备,该设备已被应用于2004年CBA联赛、NBA中国赛北京站等多项重大赛事之中,取得了较好效果。该设备还弥补了我国体育场馆专用计时记分系统设备的技术不足,具有较大的扩展功能和较广的应用领域。     

反应时与动作速度精确度之关系

人对自己运动行为控制有3个必须环节：辨认信息，选择反应，及对具体反应动作的程序化。研究影响这3个环节所必须的时间(反应时)的因素，对认识和提高运动动作的速度及准确性有理论和实际意义。本研究结果证明，提高动作的复杂程度(例如在一个动作中增加反复次数)会延长所有年龄组被试的反应时。但动作复杂性对学前儿童及老年人的反应时影响更大。同时，反应的快慢似乎与动作精度的关系大过与动作速度的关系。本文初步探讨了这些数据的神经心理机制，及其对动作教学训练的指导意义。