Trends in the Selection of Coaches for Female Athletes: A Demographic Inquiry

Abstract

Data were collected from 335 collegiate female athletic directors utilizing a questionnaire designed to assess trends in selecting coaches for female athletes between 1974 and 1979. These demographic results revealed: (a) a 37% increase in the number of coaches for female athletes, (b) a greater increase at the assistant (229%) rather than head (8%) coach level, (c) a substantial increase in male coaches (724) in comparison to their female counterparts (44), (d) a significant decline (294) in female head coaches, and (e) a large increase in the number of male head coaches (437). As the bases for this present investigation, current practices and affirmative action strategies were discussed (i.e., gender employment trends, de facto discrimination, federal civil rights legislation). Possible explanations of these findings were offered.     

我国中年男女亚健康人群血液生化指标的比较研究

目的:通过比较我国中年男女亚健康人群血液肝肾功能及血糖血脂指标,来分析我国中年亚健康人群的健康水平.方法:以中年(35 -55岁)亚健康人群203例为研究对象,其中男性131例,女性72例,检测并比较男女亚健康人群的空腹血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总蛋白(IP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、白蛋白/球蛋白(A/G)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、尿素(Urea)、肌酐(Cr)、尿酸(UA)、血糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等生化指标.结果:亚健康男性的ALT、AST、ALP、UA和Cr水平明显高于亚健康女性(P＜0.01或P＜0.001),而TP、ALB、GLB、A/G、TBIL、DBIL、Urea和GLU与亚健康女性无显著差异(P＞0.05);亚健康男性的TC、TG、LDL-C及TC/HDL-C等极显著高于女性(P＜0.001),而HDL-C水平极显著低于女性(P＜0.001).结论:我国中年男女亚健康人群的肝肾功能正常,但是亚健康男性的血尿酸和血脂等生化指标表现出异常的趋势.     

The Decline of Women Leaders (Coaches and Athletic Directors) in Girls' Interscholastic Sport Programs in Virginia from 1972 to 1987

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine if static and baltislic stretching would, induce significant amounts of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and increases in creatine kinase (CK). Twenty males were randomly assigned to a static (STATIC) or ballistic stretching (BALLISTIC) group. All performed three sets of 17 stretches during a 90-min period, the only group difference being that STATIC remained, stationary during each 60-s stretch while BALLISTIC performed, boundng movements. Subjective ratings of DOMS (scale: 1–10) and serum CK levels were assessed before and every 24 hours post stretching, for 5 days. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect due to time (p < .05), with peak soreness occurring at 24 hours after (M = 2.8 ? 1.6). Surprisingly, a group effect (p < .05) demonstrated. that DOMS was significantly greater for STATIC than for BALLISTIC. At 24 hours there was a 62% (p < .05) increase in CK for combined groups. These findings indicate that similar bouts of static and ballistic stretching induce significant increases in DOMS and CK in subjects unaccustomed to such exercise. Furthermore, static stretching induced significantly more DOMS than did ballistic.     

古巴女排长盛不衰的隐性因素分析

阐述了古巴国家的特殊社会体制与排球环境,分析了其后备队伍的选拔与培养途径。论述了教练员对排球运动的高深认识与科学训练,从而揭示了古巴女排长盛不衰的非竞技因素以及对中国排球运动的借鉴意义。     

世界优秀男女中长跑运动员身体形态与机能特征的研究

运用文献资料法、特征解析法和数理统计等方法,对世界优秀中长跑运动员的身体形态与机能特征进行研究。研究显示:中长跑运动员的四肢和躯干形态呈瘦、窄、小特征,虽然女子运动员的髂宽/肩宽指数要比男子运动员大一些,但两者的髂宽/髋宽指数并没有表现出明显的专项和性别差异;但随着竞赛距离的增加,中长跑运动员的髂宽/肩宽指数和髂宽/髋宽指数则呈递增趋势;男女运动员的肺活量指数、肺活量/体重指数和最大摄氧量相对值与竞技水平之间并不存在线性关系。     

普通高校男女生体育意识的比较分析

通过文献资料、问卷调查及数据统计分析等方法，调查了青岛大学学生对体育选项课的体育意识。为高校体育教育工作者研究体育教学改革下不同性别学生的特点与教育提供参考。     

Role Conflict and the High School Female Athlete

Abstract

The primary purpose of this study was to assess perceived and experienced role conflict of high school female athletes in enacting the roles of female and female athlete. Data were collected on 133 high school varsity athletes by the use of a 33-item questionnaire designed to assess perceived and experienced role conflicts of the subjects, their socioeconomic backgrounds, and specific instances of encouragement or discouragement from significant others experienced during their athletic careers. Thirty-two percent of the subjects responded that they perceived little or no problem with role conflict, and 50% had experienced little or no role conflict. Seventeen percent of the subjects responded that they perceived role conflict to be a great or very great problem with 11% experiencing role conflict to the same degree. A chi square analysis of perceived and experienced role conflict computed for the entire group of subjects indicated that the athletes perceived greater role conflict than they had experienced (p<.01). A one way analysis of variance was performed comparing the means of the athletes in traditionally socially approved sports, those in non-traditionally socially approved sports, and those participating in both categories. Results indicated a tendency for those participating simultaneously in both socially approved and non-socially approved sports to have experienced more role conflict (p≤.07).

A distinction between internal and external role conflict was suggested as a method of understanding the different types of pressures with which the female athlete must deal.     

The age-related performance decline in marathon cross-country skiing – the Engadin Ski Marathon

Demographic and performance data from 197,825 athletes competing in “Engadin Ski Marathon” between 1998 and 2016 were analysed. When all finishers per age group were considered, there was no gender difference in time (2:59:00 in women versus 2:59:09 h:min:s in men; P = 0.914, η² < 0.001) and the main effect of age group on time was trivial (P < 0.001, η² = 0.007). When the top 10 finishers per age group were considered, men were faster than women (1:27:32 versus 1:34:19 h:min:s, respectively; P < 0.001, η² = 0.373), there was a large effect of age group on time (P < 0.001, η² = 0.590) and the gender difference was larger in the older than in the younger age groups (P < 0.001, η² = 0.534). The age of peak performance for all finishers by 1-year interval age group was 40.3 and 39.6 years in all women and men, respectively. The top 10 finishers by 1-year interval age group achieved their peak performance in the age of 38.4 and 42.2 years in women and men, respectively. The age of peak performance was older and the age-related performance decline occurred earlier in marathon cross-country skiing, compared to road-based marathon running.     

Pacing pattern and performance during the 2008 Olympic rowing regatta

Abstract

Data from the 2008 Olympic rowing regatta were analysed to determine the time distribution during races and to assess whether pacing patterns differ between heats and the corresponding finals. Absolute and relative sector times for all of the four 500 m race quarters were analysed, for all boats in all heavyweight heats and final races (n=72 boats for men, n=60 boats for women). Irrespective of race type, boat rank or boat type, analyses of variance with repeated measures revealed that absolute times in the second and/or third race quarter(s) were significantly (both sexes: P<0.001) longer than those either in the first or final quarter, resulting in a parabolic-shaped profile. Compared with the heats, the pacing pattern adopted during the finals was significantly different (females: P<0.013; males: P<0.001); that is, relatively slower in the first and second race quarter but relatively faster in the last quarter. The parabolic-shaped race profile indicates an anticipatory control of speed and energy distribution over the course of the 2000-m race. The observed changes in pacing pattern suggest that during the finals a more conservative starting pace is used, which could be physiologically advantageous, because some energy is withheld for the final spurt.     

美国中学与大学体育的管理机制与司法治理

体育作为中学课外活动的教育内容之一,主要由美国各州政府自行管理,各州的中学也组成了高中体育管理联合会来制定和执行校际体育活动的有关规则。美国法院遵循司法谦抑原则,通常不会干预联合会的决定,除非决定所依据的规则或所依据的程序违反了成文法,或侵犯了联邦或州宪法规定的基本权利。大学校际体育由大学自发组成的各种联合会进行管理,其中最重要的是全国大学体育联合会（NCAA）,NCAA以维持大学体育的业余性、保证体育作为高等教育的有机组成部分为宗旨,有权制定和强制实施各项规则及处罚。NCAA不是政府组织,无法对其管理大学体育的行为适用美国联邦宪法,但可以适用美国联邦反垄断法。     

中国田径教练员现状分析与发展对策研究

采用问卷法、数理统计法,对我国田径教练员的现状进行调查、分析。研究认为,我国目前田径教练员存在年龄结构不合理、知识结构水平较低、教练员队伍梯队建设不完善等现实问题;如果将不同工作领域、高学历的体育专业人才充实到我国田径训练中,对提高目前我国田径教练员知识结构水平具有重要意义;我国田径教练员应加强自身的专业理论学习,采取多种有效的途径获取信息,提高对现代训练方法、手段的认识程度,并运用科学的研究成果于实践当中,提高自身的业务水平;国家应建立合理的培训体系,确保我国田径教练员队伍整体水平的提高;实施合理、有效的激励机制,正确发挥其导向作用,是提高教练员的工作激情、加强后备运动员储备的一项重要措施。     

山西省普通高校田径队教练员队伍现状调查及结果分析

运用问卷调查、数理统计等方法对山西省8所高校田径队教练员队伍的现状调查与分析,结果表明：当前山西省8所高校田径队教练员队伍,在专业理论知识、自身的专业技术水平、比赛的实践经验、培训管理工作等方面均存在诸多问题。针对这些问题进行分析并提出相应的建议与对策,对优化教练员队伍,提高训练科学水平有重要的实践意义。     

安徽省高校高水平运动队教练员队伍的现状调查与分析

通过对安徽省高校高水平运动队的教练员的年龄、职称、学历、执教年限、运动实践经历以及教练员的专职化几个方面进行调查并予以分析,根据调查与分析的结果提出解决或改善的方法,为安徽省高校高水平运动队的发展提供一些依据与参考。     

优秀男女排运动员进攻能力的评价标准

采用文献资料及离差法、RSR评价法等,对国内外优秀男女排运动员进攻能力的评价标准,进行探析。结果显示,RSR评价法简明易行,适用于排球比赛中运动员进攻能力的综合评价。     

论我国竞技体育的"阴盛阳衰"

"阴盛阳衰"是中国竞技体育的一种独特现象,本文认为导致中国竞技体育"阴盛阳衰"的主要原因至少有政治学、社会学和体育学三方面因素,新中国竞技体育独特的"阴盛阳衰"现象是特定时期和特定年代的特殊需要所形成特殊症状,而且这种特殊状况在今后相当一段时间内仍有持续的可能.     

中国成年男女体质状况的同异反集对分析

根据国家体育总局在1997年中国成年人体质监测公报中提供的数据。把其中关于成年男子体质的状况与成年女子的体质状况作为一个集合对展开同异反分析,发现1997年度中国成年男女体质差异较大,差异不确定度为0．342,同一度仅为0．644,成年女子体质相对成年男子来说相对较弱。     

论《狮吼记》中柳氏的形象及其社会意义

《狮吼记》中的柳氏历来被认为是一个“妒妇”的形象。其实她是一位敢爱敢恨、对不平等男权社会进行抗争的女性。其“妒”的内涵是对丈夫的爱和要求丈夫感情专一。最后，柳氏在游历了阿鼻地狱之后，尽弃“悍妒”，皈依了佛教。作品在客观上揭示了封建势力和佛教互相扶持的实质，这使得柳氏的形象具有了深刻的社会意义。     

谈女子排球运动员的弹跳力训练

从女性生理特点的角度出发，探讨女子排球运动员的弹跳力训练，为女子排球运动员的专项素质训练提供参考。     

国际大赛中男女皮艇运动员划桨节奏的比较研究

采用现场摄影法,比较世界杯赛中男女皮艇运动员的桨频和划桨节奏。结果显示：男桨手左右两侧的桨频比较和女桨手左右两侧的桨频比较均无差异;大赛中实际应用时两侧计算桨频无差异。动作节奏上．男桨手左右两侧和女桨手右侧无差异;只有女桨手左侧与前三者有差异,可能是女子两侧专项素质发展及技术完善的同步性不如男子。男桨手提高桨频可能靠减少回桨时间而女桨手靠减少拉桨时间获得;高桨频时男桨手容易保持水中效果而女桨手容易丢失效果。