体育锻炼与老年人健康

参加有规律的体育锻炼能延缓衰老引起的身体机能的下降。耐力运动有助于维持和改善心血管机能,减小心血管危险因素;力量运动能补偿衰老引起的肌肉质量和力量的下降。因此,有规律的体育锻炼能改善老年人机能能力,有助于老年人有一个更加健康、独立的生活方式。     

体育活动与老年人的抑郁:系统综述

抑郁是老年人一种常见的不良情绪，通过对描述性研究，元分析研究，流行病学研究和实验研究的综述，认为体育活动对减轻老年人的抑郁有积极作用。     

太极拳作为中老年运动处方的理论基础(综述)

太极拳是我国传统武术项目之一，通过意识指导动作，使意识，呼吸，动作三者密切配合以达到强身健体的目的，通过总结近20年来国内外对太极拳运动生理，生化，生物力学及心理学方面的研究，探讨其作为中老年运动处方的理论基础，并提出今后的研究方向。     

人口老龄化背景下哈尔滨市老年人冬季体育锻炼现状调查

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等方法,对人口老龄化背景下哈尔滨市老年人冬季体育锻炼现状进行调查。调查结果显示,哈尔滨市老年人冬季体育锻炼意识并不强;由于受天气、身体状况、器材设施等因素的影响,哈尔滨市老年人体育锻炼还未步入科学化、合理化轨道。建议制定保障老年人体育锻炼的相关政策;加大老年人体育锻炼健康知识的普及;建设和增加适合老年人体育锻炼的场地和设施;完善老年人体育组织机构。为科学指导和干预老年人体育生活提供基础资料。     

体力活动与中老年人功能健康

《2008美国体力活动指南》针对体力活动与中老年人功能健康和残障的相关研究进行系统检索及回顾分析,得出3个结论：（1）规律的体力活动能够预防或推迟功能受限和角色受限的发生;（2）规律的体力活动能够促进或维持功能能力和角色能力;（3）规律的体力活动能够降低老年人跌倒及其相关伤害的风险。因此提出,由于老年人参与体力活动最少而发生残障的危险最高,促进老年人的体力活动是一项非常重要的公众健康目标。     

Effect of Mastering Swim Skills on Older Adults' Self-Efficacy

Abstract

Two groups of 23 junior high school boys were tested before and after an eight weeks' progressive resistance training program. The experimental group participated in this program, but the control group took part only in regularly scheduled physical education classes. At the end of the eight weeks, it was found that the experimental group increased their ability to do pull-ups, push-ups, the Harvard Step Test, Dodge run, the Burpee test, and trunk extension and flexion. The control group improved in the Dodge run, the Burpee test, push-ups, and trunk extension. In no case did the improvement of the control group exceed the improvement of the experimental group. The experimental group also increased in anthropometric measurements. Medical examinations indicated that no harmful effects were experienced by either group.     

以社区卫生服务机构为依托的社区老年人体育服务模式

为探讨社区卫生服务机构为依托的社区老年人体育服务模式,通过文献资料法、专家访谈法等研究方法,对该模式的理论框架提出设想,并对该模式的内、外部运行机制进行阐述,最终得出该模式的完整理论体系,以促进老年人体育的健康可持续发展。     

长期游泳锻炼对老年人心理健康与生活质量的影响

采用SCL-90症状自评量表和生活质量综合评定问卷,对参加游泳锻炼12年以上的老年人进行心理测量。结果表明:长期参加游泳运动是一项非常有益于老年人身心健康和老年人社会化的运动,尤其是对女性锻炼者的效果更加明显;长期游泳锻炼的老年人心理健康总体水平显著高于同龄人的水平,人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对等因子水平明显较低,女性老年人参加游泳锻炼有益于睡眠质量的提高和饮食的改善;长期参加游泳锻炼的老年人生活质量总体水平较高。     

Comparison of Three Methods of Estimating Energy Expenditure: Caltrac,Heart Rate,and Video Analysis

Abstract

This study examined the accuracy of a new device (Caltrac) in estimating energy expenditure via acceleration measurements. Energy expenditure of 20 high school students during basketball class activity (average length = 37 min) was estimated using the Caltrac, heart rate recording, and video analysis. Heart rate recording and video analysis estimates of energy expenditure were determined from heart rate, caloric expenditure curves, and an activity rating scale, respectively. The following estimates of caloric expenditure (M ± SD) were found: heart rate recording = 196 ±73 > Caltrac = 163 ±49 > film analysis = 123 ± 30 kcal (p < .05). Laboratory simulations of the basketball activity revealed that the Caltrac energy expenditure was not significantly different from the actual energy expenditure (p > .05). The heart rate recording and video analysis estimates of energy expenditure were significantly (p < .05) higher and lower, respectively, than the actual energy expenditure. The Caltrac is a lightweight, low-cost device that provides a relatively accurate estimate of energy expenditure in free-ranging activities, such as basketball.     

12周惯性哑铃练习对轻度认知损害老年人的干预效果

目的观察12周惯性哑铃练习对轻度认知损害(MCI)老年人认知功能、身体活动能力、生活质量和睡眠质量的影响,并探讨认知改善与其他功能改变之间的关系。方法将45名MCI老年人随机分为干预组(n=22)和对照组(n=23)。干预组受试者进行惯性哑铃练习(3次/周,60 min/次,持续12周),对照组不进行运动干预。结果 12周后,干预组受试者阿尔茨海默病评定量表-认知部分(ADAS-Cog)总分/指令得分、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分、起立行走计时(TUG)和SF-36健康调查问卷(SF-36)心理总得分均显著改善(均P<0.05)。与对照组相比,干预组受试者ADAS-Cog总分/单词回忆得分/注意力得分、简明精神量表(MMSE)评分、TUG和匹兹堡睡眠指数(PSQI)的改善程度均具有显著差异(P<0.05或P=0.05)。偏相关分析结果显示,SF-36心理总得分改变(r=-0.712)、PSQI改变(r=-0.380)与认知改善程度均呈显著负相关。结论 12周惯性哑铃练习可显著提高MCI老年人的认知功能,并对其移动能力、生活质量和睡眠质量具有积极影响,且心理和睡眠改变程度可能影响认知功能的改善效果。     

Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity and Its Comparison With the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in a Sample of Belgian Adults

Pedometer-determined physical activity (PA) levels in Belgian adults were provided and compared to PA scores reported in the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The representative sample (N = 1,239) of the Belgian population took on average 9,655 (4,526) steps/day. According to pedometer indices 58.4% were insufficiently active. Steps/day differed significantly between gender (F = 5.0, p = .026), age groups (F = 3.3, p = .01), employment status (F = 6.2, p = .013), and days of monitoring (F = 7.4, p = .007). Steps/day were negatively correlated to the time spent sitting and positively to PA at work, in transport, and in leisure time (p < .001). Steps data can discriminate between PA levels reported in the IPAQ. Belgian population pedometer-determined PA levels are higher than those reported in samples of the United States; however, there is a wide distribution of ambulatory behavior.     

不同无氧阈测定方法比较及其在中长跑训练中的应用

本文比较了各种无氧阈测值:通气阈(VT),4mmol乳酸阈(LT_4),血乳酸开始升高(LT_(OBLA)),个体无氧阈(IAT),血乳酸最大稳态(maxLass)和心率拐点(HRd)。发现各测值之间高度相关,但是maxLass与其它测值之间存在不同程度的差异,为AT在训练中的应用提供了有价值的生理依据。继而探讨了LT_4百分比强度对控制中长跑训练,改善运动员肌肉氧化代射能力,提高运动成绩的意义。     

高强度间歇训练与中强度持续训练对中国超重或肥胖人群干预效果比较的Meta分析

目的：利用Meta分析的方法比较高强度间歇训练（High-Intensity Interval Training，HⅡT）与中强度持续训练（Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training，MICT）对中国超重或肥胖人群干预作用的有效性。方法：在中英文电子数据库中检索2017年12月之前所有相关的临床随机对照研究文献，并对参考文献进行相关文献的补充检索，利用Review Manager 5.3软件合并效应量。结果：研究共纳入13篇研究，HⅡT组和MICT组分别纳入214例和208例成年超重或肥胖患者。结果显示：HⅡT降低超重或肥胖患者体脂百分数[WMD=-1.23（95%CI=-2.31，-0.15），I²=68%]及提高最大摄氧量（VO_2max）[WMD=1.02（95%CI=0.14，1.90），I²=0%]的能力优于MICT；而HⅡT和MICT对体重、BMI（Body mass index）、瘦体重（LBM，Lean Body Mass）、腰围、臀围及腰臀比（Waist-to-Hip Ratio，WHR）的改变无显著差异。结论：平均10.5周（3次/周以上）的最大摄氧量（VO_2max）为85％~95％的高强度间歇训练（HⅡT）处方治疗降低中国超重或肥胖患者体脂量的能力优于中强度持续训练（MICT），但对其他体测指标方面两种运动没有差异。     

老年人握力与健康及体适能关系的国外研究现状

握力作为一项简单、无创的上肢肌肉力量测试指标而为人们所关注,越来越多的研究显示握力测试应用于临床也是适合的。这篇文献综述概述了在临床医学和流行病学领域里老年人握力的关联与预测,同时也描述了握力与体适能之间的关系。     

青少年竞技运动员非智力因素发展现状调查量表的编制与质量检测

运用逻辑分析、问卷调查和数理统计等方法，遵照严格的程序编制了非智力因素自陈量表，经测试具有较高的信度和效度，旨在为了解特殊群体青少年竞技运动员非智力因素发展的现状和规律做准备。     

Reliability and Validity of the Flemish Physical Activity Computerized Questionnaire in Adults

The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Flemish Physical Activity Computerized Questionnaire (FPACQ) in employed/unemployed and retired people. The FPACQ was developed to assess detailed information on several dimensions of physical activity and sedentary behavior over a usual week. A triaxial accelerometer, the RT3 Triaxial Research Tracker (RT3), in combination with a written 7-day activity record, was used as the objective criterion measure. In employed/unemployed people, 2-week test-retest reliability for several activity variables calculated from the FPACQ was good to excellent with intraclass correlations (ICCs) ranging from .67 to .99. In retired people ICCs were lower but, except for time spent eating, still fair to excellent, ranging from .57 to .96. Except for time spent in leisure time activities for men and the average energy expenditure related to sports participation in women, correlations between the RT3 and the FPACQ generally supported the relative validity of the FPACQ for employed/unemployed people (r ranging from .37 to .88). Values for retired people were somewhat lower (r ranging from .15 to .85), but most variables still reached at least moderate correlations. Concerning absolute validity, the FPACQ generally overestimated physical activity and underestimated sedentary behavior compared to the RT3. From this study, it can be concluded that the FPACQ is a reliable and reasonably valid questionnaire for assessing different dimensions of physical activity and sedentary behavior.     

上海与澳门两地老年人体质调查结果比较

对上海与澳门两地老年人的体质指标进行抽样测试与比较分析。认为我国老年人体质调研中的少数指标尚需重新设计。