对中老年人习练太极拳意识的培养

文章采用文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,对太极拳柔和缓慢、圆活连贯、舒展大方、松静自然等特征与中老年人抵抗力、免疫力、抑郁症等生理心理特点进行理论研究分析并对经常参加、偶尔参加和从不参加太极拳活动的中老年人群的思想意识和实践能力进行探究。结论认为:太极拳运动是一种比较适合中老年人参与的体育活动,能起到预防和治疗中老年人的常见疾病,减少中老年人孤独寂寞、愉悦身心等功效。     

人口老龄化背景下哈尔滨市老年人冬季体育锻炼现状调查

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等方法,对人口老龄化背景下哈尔滨市老年人冬季体育锻炼现状进行调查。调查结果显示,哈尔滨市老年人冬季体育锻炼意识并不强;由于受天气、身体状况、器材设施等因素的影响,哈尔滨市老年人体育锻炼还未步入科学化、合理化轨道。建议制定保障老年人体育锻炼的相关政策;加大老年人体育锻炼健康知识的普及;建设和增加适合老年人体育锻炼的场地和设施;完善老年人体育组织机构。为科学指导和干预老年人体育生活提供基础资料。     

以社区卫生服务机构为依托的社区老年人体育服务模式

为探讨社区卫生服务机构为依托的社区老年人体育服务模式,通过文献资料法、专家访谈法等研究方法,对该模式的理论框架提出设想,并对该模式的内、外部运行机制进行阐述,最终得出该模式的完整理论体系,以促进老年人体育的健康可持续发展。     

城市中老年人体育锻炼自我效能感及影响因素研究——基于在上海市的抽样调查

体育锻炼自我效能感是个体对自己参与体育锻炼能力的信念。它对人们的体育锻炼行为具有很强的预测性。本文通过对上海市5个区县的中老年人的自我效能感进行问卷调查,采用spss20.0统计分析,得出结论:上海市中老年人的体育锻炼积极性较高,有较好的锻炼习惯;他们的体育锻炼自我效能感处于中等水平;上海市中老年人的体育锻炼自我效能感与平均每周参加体育锻炼时间和次数存在显著相关;性别与运动自信存在显著负相关;民族、学历与抗阻自信存在显著相关。     

Is sport good for older adults? A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes of older adults’ sport participation

Although sport is promoted as a vehicle to enhance health and well-being throughout the life course, little is known about the psychosocial benefits and costs associated with sport participation in older adulthood. A mixed studies systematic review of English-language, peer-reviewed, original research articles (from the earliest record until March 2015) was undertaken to identify psychosocial outcomes of sport for adults over age 65 and to determine whether sport provides psychosocial outcomes that are distinct from other forms of physical activity. Results suggest sport involvement later in life was related to ageing, cognitive/perceptual, emotional, social, and motivational outcomes but it remains unclear whether these effects were solely related to participation in sport. Additional work with increased attention to methodological design and participant recruitment is needed to better understand psychosocial outcomes of older adults’ sport participation and to inform potential interventions. Recommendations to enhance the quality of future studies in the area are discussed.     

Effect of Mastering Swim Skills on Older Adults' Self-Efficacy

Abstract

Two groups of 23 junior high school boys were tested before and after an eight weeks' progressive resistance training program. The experimental group participated in this program, but the control group took part only in regularly scheduled physical education classes. At the end of the eight weeks, it was found that the experimental group increased their ability to do pull-ups, push-ups, the Harvard Step Test, Dodge run, the Burpee test, and trunk extension and flexion. The control group improved in the Dodge run, the Burpee test, push-ups, and trunk extension. In no case did the improvement of the control group exceed the improvement of the experimental group. The experimental group also increased in anthropometric measurements. Medical examinations indicated that no harmful effects were experienced by either group.     

长期游泳锻炼对老年人心理健康与生活质量的影响

采用SCL-90症状自评量表和生活质量综合评定问卷,对参加游泳锻炼12年以上的老年人进行心理测量。结果表明:长期参加游泳运动是一项非常有益于老年人身心健康和老年人社会化的运动,尤其是对女性锻炼者的效果更加明显;长期游泳锻炼的老年人心理健康总体水平显著高于同龄人的水平,人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对等因子水平明显较低,女性老年人参加游泳锻炼有益于睡眠质量的提高和饮食的改善;长期参加游泳锻炼的老年人生活质量总体水平较高。     

Teacher versus Peer Models Revisited: Effects on Motor Performance and Self-Efficacy

Abstract

This study reinvestigated and extended the findings of Landers and Landers (1973), which examined the influence of skilled and unskilled teacher and peer models on motor performance. Sixth grade females (N = 100) were randomly assigned to groups in a 2 × 2 (Model Type × Model Skill) factorial design or to a no-model group. In the treatment groups, subjects observed one of four unfamiliar models—(a) a skilled teacher, (b) an unskilled teacher, (c) a skilled peer, or (d) an unskilled peer—perform on the Bachman ladder task. Subjects performed 30 trials of the task and also completed self-efficacy questionnaires on three occasions. Results showed that subjects who watched a skilled model performed better than subjects who watched an unskilled model. Unlike the Landers and Landers study, no model type by model skill interaction was found. In addition, the skilled model group reported higher efficacy beliefs than the control group after performing and were more efficacious than the unskilled model subjects both after watching the model and after performing. These results suggest when students view unfamiliar models, the skill rather than the status of the model may be more salient.     

自我效能感和社会环境视角下的大学生体育锻炼态度测量——以绍兴市大学生为例

基于当前部分大学生参与体育锻炼不足和忽视体育锻炼的现状,从自我效能感与社会环境对体育锻炼态度影响的视角出发,描述了大学生体育锻炼态度模型。基于间接态度测量的思路,采用模糊评价理论,研究了不同大学生群体体育锻炼态度测量的方法,并以绍兴市大学生为例给出了实证分析。     

锻炼自我效能的研究综述

根据自我效能的概念对锻炼自我效能进行理论界定,分析总结锻炼自我效能与锻炼行为的关系,指出对锻炼自我效能研究存在的不足以及进一步研究的方向。     

中老年人体育锻炼风险的识别和测度

为系统识别老龄社会中中老年人体育锻炼的风险,本研究通过学术期刊和互联网新闻报道及案例,采用内容分析方法,首先归纳和识别出中老年人体育锻炼风险的7个一级维度和22个二级维度;其次,通过专家对各级维度进行打分,分析各个维度能否很好测度中老年人体育锻炼风险。研究发现:健康风险、个人锻炼行为风险、场馆器材风险、自然环境风险、家庭矛盾风险、人际交往风险和经济消费风险能够很好测度中老年人体育锻炼风险,且专家的评分在一级维度和二级维度方面表现出高度的一致性,为今后中老年人体育锻炼风险预防和定量研究提供理论参考。     

体育院校学生生涯决策自我效能的跨组分析

目的:考察《大学生生涯决策自我效能问卷》在我国体育院校大学生人群的适用性,比较该人群生涯决策自我效能水平在专业类别和年级上的差异。方法:运用上述工具对1,740名体育院校大学生施测,采用验证性因素分析及Cronbachα系数考察该工具使用的效度和信度,在检验测量恒等性基础上,进一步跨组比较分析专业类别和年级的差异,并对体育院校系毕业生、各年级学生与普通高校学生的生涯决策自我效能进行平均数差异性检验。结果:二阶因素模型的拟合指数良好,各条目的因素负载在0.44～0.69间,均达到显著性水平,各分量Cronbachα系数在0.80～0.85间。各单样本生涯决策自我效能结构形态恒等,跨母群因素恒等模型可以接受。体艺类专业与非体艺类专业大学生在生涯决策自我效能上无显著差异,大四毕业生的水平著低于其他年级学生。体育院校学生的生涯决策自我效能与当前普通高校学生无显著差异,但大四学生的水平显著低于九年前普通高校毕业生水平。结论:这一测量工具适用于测量我国体育院校大学生生涯决策自我效能的水平,专业类别并不影响体育院校系大学生的生涯决策自我效能,这进一步证明生涯决策自我效能是一个与专业类别关联不大的概念结构。与同时期其他普通高校大学生一样,体育院校系毕业生临近就业,生涯自我效能水平明显低于低年级学生,这一现状与过去、国外状况不同。     

上海与澳门两地老年人体质调查结果比较

对上海与澳门两地老年人的体质指标进行抽样测试与比较分析。认为我国老年人体质调研中的少数指标尚需重新设计。     

教学效能感在体育教学中的作用及其影响因素分析

文章采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,从教学效能感的概念入手,分析教学效能感在体育教学中的作用及其影响因素,并在此基础上提出提高体育教师教学效能感的相关策略,以期为广大一线体育教师专业发展提供参考。     

自我效能理论在美国体育教学中的运用

自我效能理论自从提出到现在已有几十年时间了,但国外对其研究却经久不衰,可见该理论在国外教育心理学研究中占有重要的地位。文章介绍了自我效能的概念、如何增强自我效能感,并针对美国体育教师在体育教学中对于自我效能理论的应用,具体分析了美国一位资深的体育教师珍妮特在雨树中学的教学案例,并介绍了自我效能理论在美国体育教学中的具体应用状况。     

Testing Social-Cognitive Theory to Explain Physical Activity Change in Adolescent Girls From Low-Income Communities

Purpose

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesized structural paths in Bandura's social-cognitive theory (SCT) model on adolescent girls' physical activity following a 12-month physical activity and dietary intervention to prevent obesity.

Method

We conducted a 12-month follow-up study of 235 adolescent girls (M _age = 13.2 years, SD = 0.4) from 12 secondary schools located in low-income communities. At baseline, participants completed SCT scales related to physical activity (i.e., self-efficacy, intention, parental support, and outcome expectations). At baseline and 12-month follow-up (postintervention), participants wore accelerometers for 7 days. Structural equation modeling was used to determine if Time 1 measures predicted physical activity at 12-month follow-up after adjusting for baseline activity.

Results

The model explained 28% and 34% of the variance in physical activity and intention, respectively. Model fit indexes indicated the data were a good fit to the model; however, only self-efficacy was associated with physical activity at 12 months. There was no support for intention or outcome expectations as proximal determinants of behavior. Self-efficacy was associated with outcome expectations and parental support; however, only outcome expectations predicted intention.

Conclusions

Current findings indicate a large proportion of the variance for physical activity and intention remains unexplained and that the proposed pathways in the SCT model were not fully supported. Future model testing may need to consider augmentation or integration of theoretical models, which may include ecological components if we are to advance our understanding of physical activity behavior in this subgroup of the adolescent population.     

自我效能理论在体育教学中的运用

自我效能是一种影响行为的主体性因素。运用文献资料法,简介自我效能理论,分析自我效能对学生体育学习的作用及其形成的影响因素,提出了在体育教学中培养学生体育学习的自我效能感的方法和途径:设置合理的教学目标,注重教学过程的渐进性;使学生获得成功练习的体验;充分发挥榜样的表率作用;营造良好的学习气氛。