Learning Benefits of Self-Controlled Knowledge of Results in 10-Year-Old Children

Abstract

The leg strength of 70 college men was measured in a position designed to involve the power thrust of the major muscle groups used in the vertical jump. The subjects then performed a modified Sargent jump that used no arm snap. Although the reliability of all measures was high, individual differences in the ratio of tested strength to body mass showed only a low and nonsignificant correlation with jumping performance. The results are interpreted to support the hypothesis that strength exerted against a dynamometer involves a different neuromotor pattern than strength exerted by the muscles during a movement. Tables of means, variabilities, and intercorrelations are included in the report.     

学龄儿童基本动作技能测量工具AST应用的理论与实证研究

目的旨在研究学龄儿童基本动作技能测试工具AST在国内使用的理论基础与可行性,通过测试技术操作和数据分析实证该测量工具的可信度、有效性与经济性。方法通过实验测试、数理统计等方法验证AST和KTK测量工具的信效度,通过转换后的大肌肉动作协调能力商数(KTKMQ)校标基本动作技能AST测试的同时效度和区别效度。结果受试儿童年龄为7~12岁,平均在(44±11) s的时间完成了AST-1全程测试,在(45±12) s的时间完成了AST-2全程测试;AST-1测试成绩与KTKMQ的相关系数r=0.474(P<0.01),而AST-2测试成绩与KTKMQ呈现中度相关系数r=0.502(P<0.01);除7岁年龄组的AST-2测试与KTKMQ相关性较低外,其他年龄组的相关性均较高(r=0.469和r=0.767)。结论小学学段的体育教学环境中AST测试工具可以快速、便捷、有效的评估儿童的基本动作技能;运动技能轨道AST测量工具在本次研究中表现出较强的测试适宜性,具有重测信度;各年龄组测量结果的区分度和测试项目的鉴别力验证了测量工具的同时效度和区别效度。     

运动技能学习中追加反馈的研究进展

追加反馈是指在运动中或运动后提供给一个个体或一类个体的外部知觉反馈的任何形式。追加反馈是运动 技能学习过程中实施控制的媒介,它包括结果反馈和表现反馈。研究不同类型的追加反馈及其作用,可以使运动技能 学习过程达到最优化。     

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Developmental Milestones and Movement: Results From the Gemini Cohort Study

Purpose: Variability in the timing of infant developmental milestones is poorly understood. We used a twin analysis to estimate genetic and environmental influences on motor development and activity levels in infancy. Method: Data were from the Gemini Study, a twin birth cohort of 2,402 families with twins born in the United Kingdom in 2007. Parents reported motor activity level for each of the twins at age 3 months using the Revised Infant Behavior Rating Scale and reported the ages at which they first sat unsupported, crawled, and walked unaided. Results: Activity level at 3 months and ages when first sitting and crawling were about equally influenced by the shared family environment (45%–54%) and genes (45%–48%). Genetic influences dominated for age when children took their first independent steps (84%). Conclusion: Aspects of the shared family environment appear to be important influences on motor activity levels and early milestones, although the timing of walking may have a stronger genetic influence. Further research to identify the specific environmental and genetic factors that promote early activity may be important for longer-term health outcomes.     

影响中学生动作技能学习因素的心理学分析及对策

文章通过对河南省实验中学等6所中学总计600名学生的问卷调查发现:学生的性别、胖瘦、身高、人际关系、异性关注度、运动经历、教师期待等因素都对中学生动作技能的学习有着重要的影响。结果显示:女生在学习动作技能中身高、胖瘦、运动经历方面影响较大;男生在动作技能学习中的人际关系、异性关注度方面影响较大,而教师的期待无论是男生还是女生都有很大影响;在中学生动作技能的学习中,中学生的心理对其学习技能的影响也不可忽视。     

学龄前儿童穿珠活动特点的研究

目的：测试不同年龄和性别学龄前儿童的穿珠能力,评价儿童手部小肌肉群活动的发展。方法：以浙江省25所幼儿园3～6岁的5 123名学前儿童为研究对象,进行＂一分钟穿珠＂测试,半年后进行第二次测试。以年龄、性别等作为影响因素进行比较分析。结果：①3～6岁学龄前儿童随着年龄的增加穿珠能力不断增加,4.5～5.5岁年龄段女童穿珠能力好于男童（P〈0.05）。②半年前后穿珠变化值提示,手部精细活动能力的发展敏感期男童为3～4岁之间,女童则更长一点为3.5～5岁之间。结论：学前阶段手部精细活动能力发展迅速,女童优于男童,其发展敏感期女童长于男童。     

对普通高校体育教育专业学生运动技能“自主学习”优越性的探讨

为帮助体育教育专业学生快速、熟练地掌握运动技能,增强学生的学习能力,文章采用文献资料法等方法,从自主学习的概念入手,对建立普通高校体育教育专业学生运动技能自主学习的优越性和意义进行探讨,并提出相关建议。     

基本运动能力训练对弱智儿童心理健康影响的研究

本文旨在应用国际采用“心理健康诊断测验（MHTCR）”,评价基本运动能力训练对心理健康的影响。由44名弱智儿童测试结果显示：参加基本运动能力训练16周的实验组弱智儿童,在心理健康得分均高于对照组,差异具有高度显著性。由此,结果说明：基本运动能力训练对弱智儿童的心理适应性和意志品质有促进作用,可辅助弱智儿童身心健康发展。     

自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员"难新技术动作"心理控制能力的研究

研究目的：提高自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员“难新技术动作”的心理控制能力。研究方法：心理测量、实践及心理咨询法。主要研究结果和结论：所构建运动员难新技术动作心理控制训练的程序及实施方法是有效的,体现了合理、简捷、实效的原则;经过4个月水池和4个月雪上有针对性的心理训练,运动员完成难新技术动作的心理控制能力有较大幅度的提高,技术动作稳步发展,为空中技巧运动员备战19届冬奥会心理攻关服务打下良好基础。     

迁移设计——运动技能学关于运动技能学习的研究方式

迁移设计是西方运动技能学关于运动技能学习的一种研究方式。由运动技能学习的特点以及集中练习与分散练习的经典研究可以看出，迁移设计的提出具有重大的科学价值和现实意义。对这一方法的学习与借鉴必将促进我国的运动技能学研究。     

Physical Fitness in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder

The protective effects of physical activity and fitness on cardiovascular health have clearly been shown among normally developed children. However, data are currently lacking pertaining to children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The purpose of this study was to examine differences in fitness measures, body composition, and physical activity among children with and without DCD. A cross-sectional design was implemented examining 261 children (118 girls, 143 boys) ages 4–12 years (mean age 7.8 ± 1.9 years). Children were categorized as having DCD if they scored less than or equal to the 5th percentile (n = 71) or between the 6th and the 15th percentile (n = 52) on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC; Henderson & Sugden, 1992). The typically developing children had scores between the 16th and the 50th percentile (n = 106) or above the 50th percentile (n = 32) on the MABC. The age-related body mass index was used to characterize body composition. Physical fitness was assessed with a 6-min run, 20-m sprint, jump-and-reach test, medicine ball throw, curl-ups, and sit-and-reach test. Physical activity was estimated with a questionnaire. The percentage of overweight and obese children ages 10–12 years were significantly higher in the DCD groups (severe: 50%, moderate: 23.1%) than in the typically developing groups (medium: 5.6%, high: 0%; p < .05). Significant interactions (MABC x Age Group) were found for the fitness tests (p values < .05), except flexibility; whereby specifically, compared to the children in the typically developing groups children in the DCD groups ages 4–6 years achieved significantly worse results for the 20-m sprint, and children of the DCD groups ages 10–12 years achieved significantly worse results for the 6-min run, jump-and-reach test, and medicine ball throw. The study demonstrates poorer performance in fitness tests with high demands on coordination in children with DCD compared to their typically developing peers. Furthermore, the differences in fitness increased with age between children in the DCD groups versus the typically developing groups.     

Influence of Decision-Making on Attitudes,Creativity, Motor Skills and Self-Concept in Elementary Children

Abstract

Attitudes, creativity, self-concept and motor skills were measured to determine the influence of decision-making on elementary children. Three groups of children (N = 208) were tested, one group was taught with the teacher dominating all classroom decisions, another group was encouraged to share in the decision-making, and a third group served as a control. Data were collected immediately before and after an eight-week instructional period. MANCOVA indicated that the two treatment groups had significantly higher scores than did the control group, and the shared decision-making group scored significantly higher than the teacher dominated group on measures of creativity, motor skills and self-concept. A 2 (treatment) × 2 (sex) × 5 (grade) ANOVA revealed significantly more positive attitude scores for children allowed to make decisions regarding their learning. Further, Pearson product-moment correlation showed the tested variables to be independent measures of a child's development.     

Development,content validity and test-retest reliability of the Lifelong Physical Activity Skills Battery in adolescents

Numerous skill batteries assess fundamental motor skill (e.g., kick, hop) competence. Few skill batteries examine lifelong physical activity skill competence (e.g., resistance training). This study aimed to develop and assess the content validity, test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the “Lifelong Physical Activity Skills Battery”. Development of the skill battery occurred in three stages: i) systematic reviews of lifelong physical activity participation rates and existing motor skill assessment tools, ii) practitioner consultation and iii) research expert consultation. The final battery included eight skills: grapevine, golf swing, jog, push-up, squat, tennis forehand, upward dog and warrior I. Adolescents (28 boys, 29 girls; M = 15.8 years, SD = 0.4 years) completed the Lifelong Physical Activity Skills Battery on two occasions two weeks apart. The skill battery was highly reliable (ICC = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.72–0.90) with individual skill reliability scores ranging from moderate (warrior I; ICC = 0.56) to high (tennis forehand; ICC = 0.82). Typical error (4.0; 95% CI 3.4–5.0) and proportional bias (r = ?0.21, p = .323) were low. This study has provided preliminary evidence for the content validity and reliability of the Lifelong Physical Activity Skills Battery in an adolescent population.     

田径运动技术与平衡

田径运动中的平衡是动态平衡,活体特征使人体平衡与刚体平衡有本质区别。影响平衡的因素有小脑机能水平、肌力、身体重心位置，施力时机和心理因素等。平衡是田径运动员高效完成技术动作的基础，运动员维持平衡的方法很多，因专项而异并随运动状态的变化而变化。     

Decision-Making in Elementary School-Age Children: Effects upon Motor Learning and Self-Concept Development

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of variable decision-making teaching models upon the development of body coordination and self-concept of children in grades one through five. Students in two socioeconomically equivalent schools of a large, inner-city school system constituted the sample (N = 285) for this study. Intact classroom groups from the experimental school were randomly assigned to one of two experimental treatments. The control school did not receive any treatment. The experimental treatments consisted of two physical education programs which varied only in the type of teacher behavior exhibited. Cheffers' Adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System (Cheffers, Mancini, & Marlinek, 1980) was used to verify the two treatments used. The Schilling Body Coordination Test (Schilling & Kephart, 1976) was used to evaluate motor skill development, and the Marlinek-Zaichkowsky Self-Concept Scale (1977) was used to evaluate self-concept development. Results indicated that learners can be given decision-making responsibility within the physical education environment and, at the same time, maintain a level of motor skill achievement equal to that of learners who have not been allowed to make decisions within the learning environment. No conclusions could be drawn concerning the effects of student decision making upon self-concept development. Additional results indicated that the development of body coordination is a function of maturation, and that no relationship exists between self-concept and body coordination.     

Task Classification and Strategy Utilization in Motor Skills

Abstract

A task classification scheme was developed in accordance with a conceptual model of motor behavior. The scheme suggests that motor skills be categorized as to the processing demands placed on a learner, feedback availability, and pacing conditions. Additionally, potential learner strategies were identified and defined in relation to both the model and the classification scheme. Consideration was given to the fact that strategies should be taught in addition to movement skills. Ultimately, appropriate strategies should be self-generated. Recommendations were provided for the consideration of task-learner-strategy interactions in the design of instructional material and development of instructional programs.