A Field-Based Testing Protocol for Assessing Gross Motor Skills in Preschool Children: The Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol

The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable tool for use in assessing motor skills in preschool children in field-based settings. The development of the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol included evidence of its reliability and validity for use in field-based environments as part of large epidemiological studies. Following pilot work, 297 children (3–5 years old) from 22 preschools were tested using the final version of the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol and the Test of Gross Motor Development (2nd Edition). Reliability of the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol and interobserver reliability were determined using intraclass correlation procedures (intraclass correlation coefficients; ANOVA). Concurrent validity was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients to compare the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol to the original Test of Gross Motor Development (2nd Edition). Results indicated that test reliability, interobserver reliability, and validity coefficients were all high, generally above R/r = .90. Significant age differences were found. Outcomes indicate that the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Study Motor Skills Protocol is an appropriate tool for assessing motor development of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in field-based settings that are consistent with large-scale trials.     

Learning Benefits of Self-Controlled Knowledge of Results in 10-Year-Old Children

Abstract

The leg strength of 70 college men was measured in a position designed to involve the power thrust of the major muscle groups used in the vertical jump. The subjects then performed a modified Sargent jump that used no arm snap. Although the reliability of all measures was high, individual differences in the ratio of tested strength to body mass showed only a low and nonsignificant correlation with jumping performance. The results are interpreted to support the hypothesis that strength exerted against a dynamometer involves a different neuromotor pattern than strength exerted by the muscles during a movement. Tables of means, variabilities, and intercorrelations are included in the report.     

学龄儿童基本动作技能测量工具AST应用的理论与实证研究

目的旨在研究学龄儿童基本动作技能测试工具AST在国内使用的理论基础与可行性,通过测试技术操作和数据分析实证该测量工具的可信度、有效性与经济性。方法通过实验测试、数理统计等方法验证AST和KTK测量工具的信效度,通过转换后的大肌肉动作协调能力商数(KTKMQ)校标基本动作技能AST测试的同时效度和区别效度。结果受试儿童年龄为7~12岁,平均在(44±11) s的时间完成了AST-1全程测试,在(45±12) s的时间完成了AST-2全程测试;AST-1测试成绩与KTKMQ的相关系数r=0.474(P<0.01),而AST-2测试成绩与KTKMQ呈现中度相关系数r=0.502(P<0.01);除7岁年龄组的AST-2测试与KTKMQ相关性较低外,其他年龄组的相关性均较高(r=0.469和r=0.767)。结论小学学段的体育教学环境中AST测试工具可以快速、便捷、有效的评估儿童的基本动作技能;运动技能轨道AST测量工具在本次研究中表现出较强的测试适宜性,具有重测信度;各年龄组测量结果的区分度和测试项目的鉴别力验证了测量工具的同时效度和区别效度。     

运动技能学习中追加反馈的研究进展

追加反馈是指在运动中或运动后提供给一个个体或一类个体的外部知觉反馈的任何形式。追加反馈是运动 技能学习过程中实施控制的媒介,它包括结果反馈和表现反馈。研究不同类型的追加反馈及其作用,可以使运动技能 学习过程达到最优化。     

Fundamental Movement Skill Proficiency and Health Among a Cohort of Irish Primary School Children

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and markers of health among a cohort of Irish primary school children. Methods: Participants (N = 296, mean age: 7.99 ± 2.02 years) were senior infant (n = 149, mean age: 6.02 ± 0.39 years) and 4th class (n = 147, mean age: 9.97 ± 0.40 years) students from three primary schools in Cork, Ireland. FMS proficiency (TGMD-2) and markers of health (BMI percentile, waist circumference percentile, blood pressure percentiles, resting heart rate, cardiorespiratory fitness, objectively measured physical activity; PA) measurements were recorded. Correlation and hierarchical stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between FMS and markers of health. Results: A small, positive relationship was found between FMS (Gross Motor Quotient; GMQ) and cardiorespiratory fitness with small negative correlations between GMQ and 550 m time SDS among 6-year-olds (r(129) = ?.286, p < .05) and 10-year-olds (r(132) = ?.340, p < .05). A moderate, positive correlation was found between GMQ and light PA (r(71) = .400, p < .05). Small positive correlations were revealed between GMQ and moderate PA (r(71) = .259, p < .05) and between GMQ and total PA (r(71) = .355, p < .05). After adjusting for age, sex, the interaction effect of age and sex, and school attended, FMS explained 15.9% and 24.8% of the variance in 550 m time SDS among 6- and 10-year-olds, respectively, and 6% and 6.5% of the variance in light PA and moderate PA, respectively. After adjusting for age and sex, FMS explained 11.6% of the variance in total PA. Conclusion: A wide range of FMS is important for children’s cardiorespiratory fitness and PA.     

Improving Functional Movement Proficiency in Middle School Physical Education

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether functional movement proficiency could be improved as measured via the Functional Movement Screen using a standardized warm-up protocol in middle school physical education. A secondary purpose was to determine whether such improvement, if it occurred, would positively influence the technical performance of 4 fundamental motor skills: overhand throw, vertical jump, kicking, and running. Method: Participants were 120 7th- and 8th-grade physical education student volunteers. Two classes from each grade level were assigned to the functional group (N = 54) while the remaining 2 classes of each grade were assigned to the control group (N = 66). Baseline measures were obtained using the Functional Movement Screen and the Get Skilled: Get Active (2000) process-oriented motor skill assessment. For 6 weeks, the functional group warmed up by performing functional stretching, stability, and mobility exercises while the control group completed a traditional dynamic warm-up. Results: According to gain score analysis, those in the functional group significantly reduced dysfunctional movements (scores of 1) compared with those in the control group. Further, boys in the functional group significantly improved their Functional Movement Screen composite score as compared with their male counterparts in the control group whose scores declined. No differences were found for fundamental motor skill performance. Conclusion: Replacing the traditional dynamic warm-up with one that emphasizes functional movement in preparation for activity in physical education appears effective for correcting movement dysfunctions in young adolescents.     

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Developmental Milestones and Movement: Results From the Gemini Cohort Study

Purpose: Variability in the timing of infant developmental milestones is poorly understood. We used a twin analysis to estimate genetic and environmental influences on motor development and activity levels in infancy. Method: Data were from the Gemini Study, a twin birth cohort of 2,402 families with twins born in the United Kingdom in 2007. Parents reported motor activity level for each of the twins at age 3 months using the Revised Infant Behavior Rating Scale and reported the ages at which they first sat unsupported, crawled, and walked unaided. Results: Activity level at 3 months and ages when first sitting and crawling were about equally influenced by the shared family environment (45%–54%) and genes (45%–48%). Genetic influences dominated for age when children took their first independent steps (84%). Conclusion: Aspects of the shared family environment appear to be important influences on motor activity levels and early milestones, although the timing of walking may have a stronger genetic influence. Further research to identify the specific environmental and genetic factors that promote early activity may be important for longer-term health outcomes.     

学龄前儿童基本动作技能干预研究的Meta分析

目的:系统评价近十年内应用粗大动作发展测试(TGMD)的国内外学龄前儿童运动干预后的基本动作技能(FMS),包括位移技能(LMS)和物体控制技能(OC)。方法:通过Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网数据库检索2010年1月1日至2021年2月25日学龄前儿童基本动作技能干预的相关中英文文献,由2名作者对文献进行筛选、数据提取、质量评估,采用Review Manager 5.3软件进行Meta分析与敏感性分析,采用Stata13.0软件进行Meta回归分析与发表偏倚,共纳入15项研究,包括干预组893例、对照组687例。Meta分析结果显示:运动干预对提高学龄前儿童位移技能和物体控制技能均具有显著影响。亚组分析结果显示:运动干预周期为5~15周、干预频率为2~3次/周、干预时间为20~50 min,采用结构化运动课程的干预效果良好。Meta回归分析结果显示:运动干预总时间对学龄前儿童LMS具有负向影响且差异具有显著性,表明随运动干预总时间的增加,干预效果降低。结论:运动干预对于提高学龄前儿童基本动作技能具有显著作用。建议后续研究对运动干预进行合理的控制和评估,进一步探索有效运动干预的关键特征。     

影响中学生动作技能学习因素的心理学分析及对策

文章通过对河南省实验中学等6所中学总计600名学生的问卷调查发现:学生的性别、胖瘦、身高、人际关系、异性关注度、运动经历、教师期待等因素都对中学生动作技能的学习有着重要的影响。结果显示:女生在学习动作技能中身高、胖瘦、运动经历方面影响较大;男生在动作技能学习中的人际关系、异性关注度方面影响较大,而教师的期待无论是男生还是女生都有很大影响;在中学生动作技能的学习中,中学生的心理对其学习技能的影响也不可忽视。     

The feasibility of fundamental movement skill assessments for pre-school aged children

Fundamental movement skill (FMS) assessment in preschools allows for early intervention; however it is unclear what assessments are feasible. The purpose of this review is to systematically review the feasibility of FMS assessments for pre-school aged children. The search was conducted across four databases, MEDLINE, Scopus, ERIC and SportsDiscus. Search terms included synonyms of “fundamental movement skills” and “pre-school children”. Inclusion criteria were: (i) FMS assessment; (ii) feasibility data; (iii) assessment of children aged three to six years; (iv) assessment of typically developing children; and (v) peer reviewed full text publications in English. Feasibility concepts (administration time, equipment, space, assessment type, item, training, qualification) were each coded as ‘poor = 1?, ‘average = 2? and ‘good = 3?; potential total of 21. A total of 330 full text articles were considered but a quarter (n = 86) were excluded due to no feasibility data. Sixty-five studies using 13 different FMS assessments were included. The Athletic Skills Track and DEMOST-PRE assessments were most feasible (18/21) and the Test of Gross Motor Development and Movement Assessment Battery for Children were common but among the least feasible (12–14/21). This review allows pre-school staff to choose a FMS assessment based on feasibility. Future studies need to present feasibility of assessments.     

学龄前儿童穿珠活动特点的研究

目的：测试不同年龄和性别学龄前儿童的穿珠能力,评价儿童手部小肌肉群活动的发展。方法：以浙江省25所幼儿园3～6岁的5 123名学前儿童为研究对象,进行＂一分钟穿珠＂测试,半年后进行第二次测试。以年龄、性别等作为影响因素进行比较分析。结果：①3～6岁学龄前儿童随着年龄的增加穿珠能力不断增加,4.5～5.5岁年龄段女童穿珠能力好于男童（P〈0.05）。②半年前后穿珠变化值提示,手部精细活动能力的发展敏感期男童为3～4岁之间,女童则更长一点为3.5～5岁之间。结论：学前阶段手部精细活动能力发展迅速,女童优于男童,其发展敏感期女童长于男童。     

Videotape Replay and the Learning of Skills in Open and Closed Environments

Abstract

Female novice tennis players (N = 42) were randomly assigned to one of three videotape replay (VTR) conditions: Performance Information Feedback (PIF); Environmental Information Feedback (EIF); or a combination of both (PEIF) to ascertain whether the treatments differentially affected open (ground-strokes) and closed (serve) skills. Performance measures were obtained on a pretest and posttest as well as during session 4 and session 8. Cues appropriate to the VTR condition were employed to direct the subjects' attention. Two analyses were conducted: a MANOVA on the pretest/posttest improvement scores and a three factor ANOVA for the session 4/session 8 scores. For the first analysis, follow-up ANOVAs revealed that for forehand and backhand PEIF improved more than either PIF or EIF and that EIF improved more than PIF. For the serve PEIF improved more than PIF and EIF but the latter two were not significantly different. In the three factor ANOVA all main effects were significant: PEIF was better than EIF and both were better than PIF; serve scores were higher than those for groundstrokes; and session 8 scores were higher than those for session 4. In addition, all interactions except that for skill × session were significant. Based on the results it is recommended that in closed skills PEIF or PIF be used but not EIF and in open skills PEIF or EIF be used but not PIF. The results were also discussed with respect to the Gentile (1972)and Schmidt (1975) views on open and closed skills. While there is some support for Gentile's position it was concluded that further research is necessary.     

任务性质、结果反馈时机与运动技能的学习

采用键盘敲击任务探讨任务性质、结果反馈时机对运动技能学习的影响.将100名右优势手大学生随机分为开放性和封闭性任务组(男女各25名),两组分别在5种KR条件下,练习开放或封闭任务3天,每天练习108次.第3天练习结束后休息10min,进行不提供KR的保持测试10次.24 h后,进行无KR保持测试10次.结果显示:(1)在封闭性运动技能学习中延迟KR更有利,而即刻KR促进开放性运动技能的学习;(2)提供KR的适宜时机受任务性质影响.与开放性技能相比,操作封闭性技能时,提供KR的适宜时机应延迟.     

对普通高校体育教育专业学生运动技能“自主学习”优越性的探讨

为帮助体育教育专业学生快速、熟练地掌握运动技能,增强学生的学习能力,文章采用文献资料法等方法,从自主学习的概念入手,对建立普通高校体育教育专业学生运动技能自主学习的优越性和意义进行探讨,并提出相关建议。     

对上海市少体校教练员领导行为的研究

本论文是以上海市少体校的教练员、运动员为研究对象,采用文献资料、调查访问、访谈、逻辑分析、数理统计等研究方法,以体育行为学、组织行为学为理论基础并结合国内外相关研究成果,从行为科学的角度,对上海市少体校的教练员领导行为的状况进行调查研究。     

基本运动能力训练对弱智儿童心理健康影响的研究

本文旨在应用国际采用“心理健康诊断测验（MHTCR）”,评价基本运动能力训练对心理健康的影响。由44名弱智儿童测试结果显示：参加基本运动能力训练16周的实验组弱智儿童,在心理健康得分均高于对照组,差异具有高度显著性。由此,结果说明：基本运动能力训练对弱智儿童的心理适应性和意志品质有促进作用,可辅助弱智儿童身心健康发展。     

Effectiveness of physical education to promote motor competence in primary school children

Background: Motor skill (MS) competence is an important contributing factor for healthy development.

Purpose: The goal was to test the effectiveness of primary school physical education (PE) on MS and physical fitness (PF) development.

Methods: Three classes (n?=?60, aged 9.0?±?0.9) were randomly assigned to three diverse conditions during a school year: two PE lessons/week (PE-2), three PE lessons/week (PE-3), and no PE lessons control group (CG). BMI, skinfolds, PF (9-min run/walk, sit-up, modified pull-ups), gymnastics, soccer, handball, basketball and track-and-field skills were evaluated. Effect sizes (d) were reported as magnitude of change.

Results: Skinfolds significantly increased only in CG (d?=?1.21). PF composite z-scores improved in PE-3 (d?=?0.61), but decreased in PE-2 (d?=?0.57), and had no changes in CG. Statistically significant improvement was verified in gymnastics and handball skills in both experimental groups (gymnastic: d?=?2.95 and d?=?2.61 for PE-3 and PE-2, respectively; handball: d?=?1.87 and d?=?0.57 for PE-3 and PE-2, respectively), and no changes were seen in CG. In soccer, there were improvements only in the PE-3 (d?=?0.55), and in basketball only in PE-2 (d?=?0.46). There were no changes in any group for track-and-field skills.

Conclusions: PE programs can effectively promote PF and MS development.     

迁移设计——运动技能学关于运动技能学习的研究方式

迁移设计是西方运动技能学关于运动技能学习的一种研究方式。由运动技能学习的特点以及集中练习与分散练习的经典研究可以看出，迁移设计的提出具有重大的科学价值和现实意义。对这一方法的学习与借鉴必将促进我国的运动技能学研究。     

体操普修教学大纲术科内容设置分析

以沈阳体育学院体操普修课程教学大纲和沈阳市部分中学体育课的体操内容安排为研究对象,运用文献资料、访问调查和统计等研究方法对现行体操普修课教学大纲使用中出现的几个典型问题进行探讨和分析。认为体育教育专业体操普修课教学大纲术科教学内容存在的设置结构不合理、教学重点不突出和教学内容不全面问题,是造成体操课程教学滞后于社会需求的主要原因。优化、整合基本体操教学内容,开发、拓展"基本功"内容,注重趣味性教学方法与手段的运用,是体操课完善教学大纲内容、提高教学质量的有效措施。