Movement Duration,Fractionated Reaction Time,and Response Programming

The purpose of this study was to determine how the manipulation of movement duration affects components of fractionated reaction time and presumably motor programming. Twelve subjects, in a simple reaction time paradigm, responded to an auditory signal by executing an elbow flexion movement in the sagittal plane through a range of motion of 100° in 150, 300, 600 and 1200 ms. Results indicated no changes in motor time but small increments in premotor and reaction time through the 600 ms condition. At 1200 ms, reaction time increased faster than premotor time, and this appeared to be predominantly a consequence of an increment in motor time. These data were interpreted to be supportive of the notion that movement duration is related to response complexity and the time required for motor programming.     

Fractionated Reaction Time Responses to Auditory and Electrocutaneous Stimuli

Abstract

It is well documented that simple reaction time (RT) varies inversely with stimulus intensity, but there is disagreement as to which stimulus modality produces the fastest simple RT. An investigation was conducted to equate two stimulus modalities, auditory (A) and electrocutaneous (EC), using varying stimulus intensities in a simple RT protocol. A second investigation was then conducted to examine neuromotor characteristics of stimulus-evoked responses using previously equated A and EC stimuli of varying intensity from the first investigation. Results showed that RT, premotor time (PMT), and motor time (MT) were all inversely related to stimulus intensity, while maximum displacement (MAXD) was directly related to stimulus intensity, and movement time was not affected by stimulus intensity. We conclude that: (a) both central and peripheral components of RT are altered by varying stimulus intensities, and (b) rapid movements are enhanced by increasing stimulus intensity.     

手反应时测量可靠性的研究

本研究采用实验及统计分析法 ,对 44名体院学生的手反应时分别用不同重复测量次数进行多次测量 ,用积差相关法、单因素方差分析等方法对测量数据的可靠性及相关系数用exce17.5软件进行统计分析。结果表明 :手反应时重复测量的最佳次数是 15次 ,取值的最好方法是剔除 5次最大值和 5次最小值计算平均值。可靠性系数可达到 0 95     

起跑反应时对短跑成绩的影响

起跑反应时直接影响短跑比赛成绩,在短跑比赛中有许多运动员由于起跑不顺利,反应时过长而导致比赛失利。起跑反应迅速的运动员在枪声瞬间即刻起动就占了很大的优势,为比赛取得优异成绩奠定基础。起跑反应时的快慢除先天反应素质外,与起跑技术、机体状态、比赛环境密切相关,经过教学训练起跑反应时就能缩短。     

我国成年人选择反应时状况分析

采用实验及数理统计法，对2000年国家国民体质监测的成年组（20～69岁）约173600人的选择反应时进行统计分析。结果表明：我国成年人的选择反应时先是随年龄的增长而减少，男子在22岁、女子在21岁之后随年龄的增长而延长。男子的选择反应时要短于女子，差异具有高度显著性（P〈0．01）；体质水平与选择反应时呈中度负相关归（r=-0．546），体质好的人群选择反应时要短；参与锻炼人群的选择反应时要短于不锻炼的人群，差异具有非常显著性（P〈0．001）。     

反应时测量方法可靠性的研究

研究采用实验及统计分析法，对44名体院学生的光简单反应时分别用不同重复测量次数进行多次测量，用积差相关法、单因素方差分析等方法对测量数据的可靠性及相关系数用spss7.5软件进行统计分析。结果表明：反应对重复测量的最佳次数是20次，取值的最好方法是剔除5次最大值和5次最小值计算平均值。可靠性系数可达到0.97。     

确定简单反应时标准观测值方法的实验研究

简单反应时的测量在运动员选材等领域有着广泛的应用，传统确定简单反应时标准观测值的方法缺乏科学性。通过有关文献资料和书籍的查阅和实验研究提出新方法，即去除单个观测值，对重复出现测量值进行加权平均，其方法具有理论根据，符合客观事实且具有科学性．为进一步对有关反应时的研究提供基础性工作。     

对排球运动员反应时影响因素的探讨与分析

研究目的:找出影响排球运动员反应时的因素、提出解决办法,为排球运动员的选拔、培养、训练提供参考依据。研究方法:文献资料法、数理统计法、访谈法等。研究结论:影响排球运动员反应时的主要因素包括疲劳、心理因素、赛场经验、主客场和运动水平。     

实验方案对系列反应时任务操作的影响

运动技能的内隐学习是运动心理领域的一个研究热点。在实验室,其主要的研究范式是系列反应时任务操作。但不同实验方案会影响系列反应时任务中的内隐序列学习效应,比如实验材料的序列长度、序列结构、反应—刺激间隔时间、刺激出现的概率和学习进程、刺激或反应的空间分布特点、刺激呈现的方式等。在实验过程中应如何控制这些因素以达到较好的内隐序列学习效果还有待更系统的实验研究。     

时差反应对运动能力的影响及消除方法

时差反应是运动员参与国际体育比赛经常遇到的问题,也是影响运动员竞技能力发挥的因素之一。了解时差反应的产生原因及预防措施,对于提高运动成绩有积极的促进作用。本文对此做一简单的综述以期为体育工作者提供参考。     

反应时测量方法有效性的研究

研究采用实验及统计分析法，对45名体院学生反应时测量结果的有效性进行定量分析。结果表明：目前常用的用总反应时替代反应时的测量方法的有效性较低（r=0.92），测量结果不能客观反映受试者的反应速度。反应时的测量应先测量受试者的总反应时，然后测量受试者的运动时，最后根据公式：反应时=总反应时-运动时计算出每个受试者的反应时。总反应时和运动时呈低度负相关系数（r=-0.09），说明反应速度和动作速度测量互相不能替代。不同个体之间总反应时变异系数的平均值为23.6％，变异系数高达58.6％。不同个体之间总反应时变异系数与平均值之间的相关系数为0.525。反应能力的评价，应采用反应时和总反应时的变异系数两个指标进行综合评价。     

Reaction Time and Anticipation Time: Effects of Development

Abstract

The developmental nature of reaction time (RT) and anticipation timing (AT) performance, as well as the relationship between them, was investigated using 15 male and 15 female subjects at each of five age levels—7, 9, 11, 13, and 20 yrs. Each subject was given 40 trials for both RT and AT performance with task order counterbalanced. Results indicated that as age increased RT decreased, with males having more rapid RT than females. The two younger age groups differed from the three older groups on AT performance. RT was significantly correlated with AT (|CE| measure) for the 7, 9, and 11 yr old males but not in any other age by gender condition. Apparently neither young males nor young females have a good motor plan in memory to control AT performance. However, the more rapid RT (and thus better response initiation) of the males allows better AT performance at the younger ages. Beginning about 10–11 yrs of age, better motor plans are developed in children's memory system, leading to less reliance on rapid RT for good AT performance, and thus the correlation between RT and AT performance is not present.     

女子花剑青少年运动员反应时的研究

主要采用了TJ-击剑反应时测试仪对上海市虹口击剑学校女花青少年运动员进行为期6个月的跟踪测试,结果显示利用该仪器进行击剑运动员专项反应训练,对运动员的训练有较为明显的帮助。     

Premotor and Motor Reaction Time As a Function of Response Complexity

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to identify the response elements responsible for the complexity effect found by Henry and Rogers (1960). An attempt was made to determine if these elements were affecting the premotor time component of simple reaction time (SRT). If they were, a strong case could be made for the argument that neuromotor programming time was affected because premotor time is a more exact estimate of it than SRT. The results revealed that premotor time was unaffected by a forward change in movement direction, but increased as the number of movement parts increased from one to two and as the demand for movement accuracy increased. Thus, increasing the (1) number of parts and (2) accuracy demands were identified as elements of response complexity which increase programming time and support Henry and Rogers (1960) hypothesis that the time to initiate a response becomes longer as the programming process become more complex.     

羽毛球运动员的反应时与竞技能力

反应时是研究运动员心理特征的重要指标,然而以往研究结果并不一致。通过采用自编程序的微机视觉反应时测验,以不同反应时与竞技能力的相关差异,探讨影响竞技能力的神经机制。反应时测试有简单反应时、复杂反应时二刺激、辨别反应时二刺激、复杂反应时四刺激和翻转反应时四刺激。46名男队员和61名女队员按成绩分成优秀和一般两组,结果发现:简单反应时复杂反应四刺激和翻转反应四刺激指标在不同水平男女运动员中均表现出显著性差异,而简单反应时不显著。翻转反应时在不同水平羽毛球运动员之间差异效果量为最大。结果提示:羽毛球运动员的竞技能力不仅与信息加工速度有关,还与信息复杂程度有关,优秀羽毛球运动员加工复杂信息更具优势,灵活的神经转换机制可能是影响羽毛球运动员竞技能力的中央机制之一。     

Sex and Athletic Status as Factors in Reaction Latency and Movement Time

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of sex and athletic status on reaction latencies and movement time. One hundred subjects, categorized into five groups of 20 subjects each—male athletes (MA), female athletes (FA), male nonathletes (MNA), female nonathletes (FNA), and control group (CG)—were tested over a period of five consecutive days. Several different types of incentives were used to ensure that subjects provided the fastest times possible. Two blocks of 25 trials were administered to each subject on each day. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 2 mixed factorial analysis of variance was used to test for between-subject differences of group (experimental/control), sex, and athletic status and for within-subject differences of days and blocks. The four dependent variables were reaction time (RT) mean, RT consistency, movement time (MT) mean, and MT consistency. Results did not support the classic finding of male superiority over females in RT/MT or athletes' superiority over nonathletes. Evidence of athletic superiority emerged, but for the first day of practice only. As subjects were allowed extended practice over a 5-day test period in which knowledge of results (KR) and other incentives were provided, differences in the experimental groups disappeared. Sex was the predominant factor in consistency, with males being less variable in RT (p = .02) performance than females. There were no sex differences in MT consistency.     

反应时与动作速度精确度之关系

人对自己运动行为控制有3个必须环节：辨认信息，选择反应，及对具体反应动作的程序化。研究影响这3个环节所必须的时间(反应时)的因素，对认识和提高运动动作的速度及准确性有理论和实际意义。本研究结果证明，提高动作的复杂程度(例如在一个动作中增加反复次数)会延长所有年龄组被试的反应时。但动作复杂性对学前儿童及老年人的反应时影响更大。同时，反应的快慢似乎与动作精度的关系大过与动作速度的关系。本文初步探讨了这些数据的神经心理机制，及其对动作教学训练的指导意义。     

防守篮球体前变向运球突破队员动作反应时研究

本文通过文献资料法、实验法、数理统计法等研究方法对篮球防守运动员在防守体前变向换手运球突破队员时防守动作反应时的注视部位进行对比分析。研究结果表明：当防守队员在注视体前变向运球突破队员腰部位置时,防守运动员更快的对进攻突破队员的动作做出反应,为青少年篮球运动员的教学与训练提供有益的参考。     

上海女子花剑队三线运动员选择反应时的训练、测定与分析

采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、数理统计法和实验法等方法,运用运动训练学、运动生理学等相关理论,对上海女子花剑队三线运动员的选择反应时进行训练、测量和分析,从而验证一些反应时的专门训练方法是否能短时间内缩短花剑运动员的选择反应时,提高运动员反应速度,为更好的促进上海女子花剑的发展提供条件。