Consent,Context, and Obligations: A Response to Ciomaga

In his ‘Rules and Obligations,’ Bogdan Ciomaga defends a pluralist account of moral obligations to follow sport rules by arguing that no single explanation of such obligations will plausibly apply in multiple contexts. I dispute this claim by showing that consent generates rule-following obligations in a very wide variety of the contexts in which sports are played, including each of those Ciomaga cites in support of his pluralist account. The contractualist or consent-based theory of rule normativity therefore offers a substantially unifying – though not a unitary, for reasons I go on to explain – source of moral obligations to follow sport rules.     

运动对血清瘦素水平的影响

采用文献资料等研究方法,对肥胖基因及其表达产物——瘦素（Leptin）的结构、功能及其作用机制,Leptin的分泌和调节,国内外有关瘦素的生理学作用,瘦素与运动关系的研究近况,不同强度和时间的运动对血清瘦素的影响进行综述,并对未来研究前景提出展望。结论表明：瘦素在运动训练中具有潜在的价值,可以用血液中的瘦素水平来监控运动训练,了解不同运动对瘦素的作用及机制,开．展瘦素与运动的关系及其相关的神经内分泌和免疫等方面的系统研究具有重要意义。     

Response to Reeve and Proctor

Abstract

Twelve subjects were used to determine the effect of isotonic and isometric exercises on heart rate using a military press in a sitting position. The isotonic exercise was performed for 45 sec. with one half of maximum resistance, and the isometric exercises were performed for 45 sec, with one half, two thirds, and maximum resistance. The results indicated that isometric exercise performed for 45 sec. with one half of maximum resistance could stimulate heart rate to the same extent that isotonic exercise could, using the same intensity and duration. The results also showed that increasing the load in isometric contraction resulted in a proportional increase in heart rate and that increasing the load to maximum isometric contraction resulted in a near twofold increase in heart rate.     

Response to Fry and Kraemer

In general, women are well represented among sport participants and sport audiences but not in the media. Data show that women's sport is greatly underreported and trivialized in newspapers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure press coverage during the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in the largest circulating Belgian, Danish, French, and Italian daily newspapers by: (a) number of articles, (b) size, (c) page placement, (d) accompanying photographs, and (e) photograph size. For each sport covered, the athletes' nationality and the gender were recorded. Compared to the 1996 Atlanta Games, there was an increase of 326 female athletes (+4%), and women competed in 25 sports and 132 events (44%) of the total 300 events. Although only 29.3% of the articles and 38% of photos were on women's sports, the newspaper coverage was similar to the distribution of participating athletes and events. No significant gender differences were found with respect to article size, page placement, accompanying photographs, or photograph size. The most covered sport was track and field, independent of national achievement. Other sports received different coverage in relation to national expectations, achievement, and participation. In conclusion, there was a trend to overcome gender inequities in media coverage during the Olympic Games, which may be due to the International Olympic Committee's actions to promote increased participation of women in sport activities and to publicize their achievements. Moreover, during the Olympic Games, a nationalistic fervor might affect the equality of gender coverage.     

A Response to Petrie's Note on Statistical Analysis of Attitude Scale Scores

Abstract

On four separate occasions resting, fasted adults ingested 10 oz of a cola-flavored soft drink containing either 0, 22.5, 35, or 150 mg caffeine. Heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and glucose values were obtained before and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 360 min after the feeding. All urine was collected during the 6 hr following ingestion and was later assayed for total catecholamine (CA) content. Urine volume and total CA excretion increased as the amount of caffeine ingested increased. Only the 150 mg solution resulted in significant increases (over control) in 6 hr CA output, or FFA concentration and mean arterial pressure early after the feeding. The 150 mg drink also maintained blood glucose at pre–ingestion levels for the entire course of the experiment. The moderate increase in circulating FFA following ingestion of a commercially available cola (22 to 35 mg caffeine/bottle) is similar to the change seen in resting, nonfed subjects. These data suggest that ingestion of caffeine in an amount typically found in a single bottle of cola drink does not increase factors associated with coronary risk, nor will it have a positive influence on parameters associated with enhanced athletic performance, should those same changes occur during exercise.     

浅谈奥运安保的媒体应对

对于奥运会主办国而言,安保问题已经成为压倒一切的首要问题。在世界进入信息时代的今天,现代媒体高度介入并与奥运会紧密结合,因此,应该研究现代媒体如何影响奥运会的安保工作,探讨一旦发生突发性事件时主办方应如何正确应对媒体。     

Pedagogical Content Knowledge: Response to Housner

Abstract

An experimental design was employed to assess the effectiveness of a relapse prevention program, a reinforcement program, and an exercise-only control group in increasing exercise program adherence and short-term maintenance in 120 previously sedentary female university employees. The subjects participated in an 18-week exercise program composed of stretching, calisthenics, and aerobic dance. Attendance during the first half of the program was significantly higher for subjects in the relapse prevention group than for those in the control group. A nonsignificant trend in this direction emerged during the second half of the program and at 2-month follow-up. For all treatment groups, attrition (attendance at less than two thirds of the exercise sessions) was substantial, averaging 72% at the end of the 18-week program. These findings indicate that relapse prevention and reinforcement programs may not assist previously sedentary females in long-term adherence to an exercise program.     

国际体育仲裁院援引先例的中国启示

国际体育仲裁院（CAS）从成立以来在各类案件的仲裁中频繁援引先例,并坚持用先例中的论证进行裁决,这种仲裁实践已经成为CAS在国际体育纠纷解决中的常态,在CAS涉中国当事人案件中更是如此。纵观近些年CAS涉中国当事人案的整体与个案,CAS援引先例的实践切实存在,不断影响着中国当事人与中国体育仲裁的发展。面对CAS援引先例的仲裁实践,中国当事人在国际体育纠纷仲裁过程中,应当发挥主动性,坚持提出先例的权利以及获取CAS援引先例理由的权利,并做好援引先例的前期准备和先例研究工作,同时中国需要重视CAS援引先例的仲裁实践,培养专门的研究人员,以CAS为范例建立体育仲裁机制。     

Recent Developments in Measurement and Possible Applications to the Measurement of Psychomotor Behavior: A Response

Abstract

The possible utilization of item response theory (IRT) and adaptive testing in psychomotor situations leads to a number of interesting suppositions. The question of test validity is crucial and the application of those procedures could help enhance the quality and generalizability of research results.

Examination of the results of several previous studies indicates that adaptive testing may be easily applied in a number of psychomotor problems. The application of IRT will depend upon the type of model chosen. Various models are considered from a heuristic standpoint with the binomial model being the most logically suitable approach. The continuous response model needs to be examined more thoroughly.

The combination of selected IRT models with other approaches such as sequential probability testing and trials-to-criterion testing was discussed. The use of validity generalization was suggested. It was concluded that in order for approaches of this type to be feasible, researchers needed to construct more scientifically rigorous theories.     

Children and Fitness: A Public Health Perspective: A Response

Abstract

The speed-accuracy operating curve was investigated in a movement precuing two- or four-choice reaction time task. Four levels of response preferences were manipulated with subject instructions and postresponse information: (a) accuracy, (b) reaction time latency, (c) accuracy and reaction time latency, and (d) no preference. Eighty subjects completed 480 discrete keypressing responses with the index and middle fingers of both hands. The mixed design mean reaction time analysis indicated faster performances for the reaction time latency and the accuracy and reaction time latency groups than the no preference group. Additionally, the percent correct analysis revealed two significant interactions: (a) Trial Block x Precue x Response Preference, and (b) Delay x Precue x Hand Position. Overall, the present findings provide partial support for the speed-accuracy operating curve predictions. Caution is advised when drawing chronometric inferences based only on reaction time data or when response accuracies are extremely high.