Premotor and Motor Reaction Time As a Function of Response Complexity

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to identify the response elements responsible for the complexity effect found by Henry and Rogers (1960). An attempt was made to determine if these elements were affecting the premotor time component of simple reaction time (SRT). If they were, a strong case could be made for the argument that neuromotor programming time was affected because premotor time is a more exact estimate of it than SRT. The results revealed that premotor time was unaffected by a forward change in movement direction, but increased as the number of movement parts increased from one to two and as the demand for movement accuracy increased. Thus, increasing the (1) number of parts and (2) accuracy demands were identified as elements of response complexity which increase programming time and support Henry and Rogers (1960) hypothesis that the time to initiate a response becomes longer as the programming process become more complex.     

论24式太极拳中揽雀尾的艺术美

太极拳蕴含着中国传统哲学中的养生思想,伦理观念,注重内外兼修,融健身修性一体。其养生价值已经饮誉国内外,太极拳的身形美、意蕴美使太极拳更具有了陶冶情操,放松心灵的价值。文章使用文献综述、访谈、逻辑分析等方法,从24式太极拳中揽雀尾的艺术美的角度出发,通过研究得出太极拳中揽雀尾有着方圆、自然及和谐之美,让人们从一个太极拳的组合开始,站在美学的角度欣赏太极拳,喜爱太极拳。     

Movement Duration,Fractionated Reaction Time,and Response Programming

The purpose of this study was to determine how the manipulation of movement duration affects components of fractionated reaction time and presumably motor programming. Twelve subjects, in a simple reaction time paradigm, responded to an auditory signal by executing an elbow flexion movement in the sagittal plane through a range of motion of 100° in 150, 300, 600 and 1200 ms. Results indicated no changes in motor time but small increments in premotor and reaction time through the 600 ms condition. At 1200 ms, reaction time increased faster than premotor time, and this appeared to be predominantly a consequence of an increment in motor time. These data were interpreted to be supportive of the notion that movement duration is related to response complexity and the time required for motor programming.     

公共体育服务安全应急标准体系构建研究

为提高我国公共体育服务安全应急能力,在分析我国公共体育服务安全应急标准构建工作以及现行标准发展状况的基础上,提出构建巩固我国体育服务安全应急标准体系的基本原则,建立公共体育服务安全应急标准的二级结构,以国家相关的安全事件的预案与文件为依据,尝试性地选择了公共体育服务安全应急标准的相应指标,并拟定了指标的基本标准和推荐标准,完善了公共体育服务安全应急标准体系。     

Simple Reaction Time as a Function of Response Complexity: Christina et al. (1982) Revisited

Abstract

Two alternative interpretations to the one proposed by Christina, Fischman, Vercruyssen, and Anson (1982) were investigated. They interpreted the simple reaction time (SRT) increase they found, which was thought to reflect an increase in programming time, to be due to the increase in number of movement parts from one response to another. Experiment 1(N = 15 males) tested the alternative interpretation that the SRT increase was caused by the difference in how the first movement part of the three responses was executed. However, no evidence was found to support this interpretation. Experiment 2 (N = 15 males) tested the alternative interpretation that the SRT increase was due to the increase in the demand for movement accuracy from one response to another. The results revealed that only a very small portion of the SRT increase could be attributed to the increased accuracy demand while the major portion of the increase was due to the increase in number of movement parts.     

Development of an Objective Measure of Rhythmic Motor Response

Abstract

This study was undertaken to develop a test that would objectively measure the rhythmic element in dance, and one that could be used by teachers of dance. The resulting Test of Rhythmic Motor Response was administered to 92 college women enrolled in dance classes. Test reliability coefficients ranged from .90 to .91; validity coefficients with teachers' ratings, .49 to .51. An investigation of the relationship between this test and the rhythm imagery section of the Gordon Measures of Musical Perception yielded correlation coefficients ranging from .52 to .69. These findings are all statistically significant at the .01 level. The Test of Rhythmic Motor Response appears to have a substantial relationship with the rhythmic element in dance.     

基于网络存储系统的I/O响应时间边界性能研究

为了对网络存储系统性能进行预测和改进,利用定量分析法研究了系统I/O响应时间与各性能影响因素之间的关系。通过分析网络RAID存储系统的数据传输原理,建立了该系统的闭合排队网络模型,并研究了其I/O当并发任务数较低时,存储中心服务器CPU处理能力和缓冲区命中率是影响I/O响应时间的关键因素。     

Response Time Comparisons among Four Base Running Starting Techniques in Slow Pitch Softball

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare response times among four starting techniques—cross-over step, jab-step, standing sprinter's start, and the momentum start—to determine the fastest start for optimum speed in base running in slow pitch softball. The subjects were 30 adult male amateur softball players. Response time was recorded to the nearest 1/100 second using a Dekan Automatic Performance Analyzer arranged with two starting lights and a stop gate. A one way repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the momentum start was significantly (p < .01) faster than the other starts compared while there were no significant differences among the other starts. Reliability coefficients ranging from .90 to .95, obtained using the intraclass correlation coefficient for multiple trial data, signified no trends among trials and high reliability of the testing procedures and equipment. The results suggested that the momentum start was the fastest starting technique for optimum speed for running bases in slow pitch softball.     

现代排球教学中“范例”等教学方法应用的比较

对范例教学法、发现教学法、程序教学法和掌握教学法从方法蕴含的理论、基本操作过程、优缺点、适用范围和 条件这几个方面进行比较,初步探讨它们各自的特点与规律,并对它们进行“优化组合”构思,为在今后的排球教学中 更为科学地应用这些教学方法做一些奠基性工作。     

对我国乒乓球各种打法发展现状与趋势的研究

本文对我国乒乓球各种打法发展现状与发展趋势进行了研究，提出了乒乓球运动水平和运动成绩的提高，与运动员握拍方法，各种打法类型分布等一系列客观因素有关，只有合理解决上述问题，才有利于我国乒乓球队在世界乒坛永远保持领先地位。     

Children and Fitness: A Public Health Perspective: A Response

Abstract

The speed-accuracy operating curve was investigated in a movement precuing two- or four-choice reaction time task. Four levels of response preferences were manipulated with subject instructions and postresponse information: (a) accuracy, (b) reaction time latency, (c) accuracy and reaction time latency, and (d) no preference. Eighty subjects completed 480 discrete keypressing responses with the index and middle fingers of both hands. The mixed design mean reaction time analysis indicated faster performances for the reaction time latency and the accuracy and reaction time latency groups than the no preference group. Additionally, the percent correct analysis revealed two significant interactions: (a) Trial Block x Precue x Response Preference, and (b) Delay x Precue x Hand Position. Overall, the present findings provide partial support for the speed-accuracy operating curve predictions. Caution is advised when drawing chronometric inferences based only on reaction time data or when response accuracies are extremely high.     

Construction and Validation of an Eight-Iron Approach Test

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to construct a golf test which would be usable for assessing the ability to perform an eight-iron approach shot at a distance of 12 yards from the pin. A good approach shot was defined as one which is high enough to avoid potential hazards between the point of contact and the pin and which comes to rest at or near the pin. Pilot studies were conducted to determine target size, number of trials and days of testing, hitting distance, objectivity, and reliability. The revised test was administered to 424 beginning golfers. Reliability estimates determined by analysis of variance procedures and by correlation techniques indicated that the test was reliable for the subjects involved. Logical validity was claimed and was further supported by comparing mean scores of a beginning and an experienced group. The test confidently differentiated the performance of the two groups.     

普通高校学生华骅的标枪训练

本文对三破全国大学生女子标枪纪录的普通高校学生华骅的课余训练，从训练的目的性、针对性、科学性等方面进行了分析和总结。     

军事体育的理论建设与体系构筑之探析

采用文献资料与军事体育教学相结合的研究方法,就军事体育理论建设与体系构筑的重要性、必然性、时代性等问题,进行了阐述。     

关于竞走运动员“速度感”心理结构的研究

速度感是竞走运动员运动知觉和时间知觉等感知觉系统良好协调能力的一种表现。本研究设计了7项实验内容对影响速度感的多方面因素进行了单项或组合测验。结果证明,速度感是后天训练的结果。在此基础上,笔者建立了竞走运动员速度感的心理结构,并将速度感训练划分了3个主要阶段。本研究旨在为竞走运动员速度感训练提供参考依据。     

后奥运时代我国体育保险市场体系的构建

体育保险市场是体育运动健康发展的必备条件之一,它是保险市场的一个分支.体育保险泛指在体育领域内的各种群体,提供风险保障的解决方案.本文在分析我国后奥运时代体育保险市场重要意义的基础上,提出了构建后奥运时代我国体育保险市场体系的基本设想.     

宏伟的目标 艰巨的任务——论“体育强国”建设

北京奥运会后,建设体育强国被列为中国体育事业新的发展目标.对"体育强国"的概念及内涵进行研究,认为"体育强国"是一个综合性概念,具有综合性、动态性、系统性特征;分析了影响与制约体育强国建设的因素,指出政治与经济因素是其中最主要的因素;根据我国当前体育事业的发展水平、经济社会的发展水平及其对建设体育强国的影响,认为我国体育强国建设的确是一项艰巨的任务,建设成为体育强国则需要几十年乃至更长时间.     

“掌握学习”教学模式在排球发球教学中的应用研究

在总结“掌握学习”教学模式的理论、实施要点和应用现状的基础上,设计排球发球“掌握学习”教学模式,并进行教学实验研究。结果表明：采用“掌握学习”教学模式对学生的学习态度有积极的影响,对学生的技评成绩和达标成绩有积极的影响趋势,但没有统计学意义,尚需进一步的研究证明。     

Identifying waking time in 24-h accelerometry data in adults using an automated algorithm

As accelerometers are commonly used for 24-h measurements of daily activity, methods for separating waking from sleeping time are necessary for correct estimations of total daily activity levels accumulated during the waking period. Therefore, an algorithm to determine wake and bed times in 24-h accelerometry data was developed and the agreement of this algorithm with self-report was examined. One hundred seventy-seven participants (aged 40–75 years) of The Maastricht Study who completed a diary and who wore the activPAL3? 24 h/day, on average 6 consecutive days were included. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated and the Bland–Altman method was used to examine associations between the self-reported and algorithm-calculated waking hours. Mean self-reported waking hours was 15.8 h/day, which was significantly correlated with the algorithm-calculated waking hours (15.8 h/day, ICC = 0.79, P = < 0.001). The Bland–Altman plot indicated good agreement in waking hours as the mean difference was 0.02 h (95% limits of agreement (LoA) = ?1.1 to 1.2 h). The median of the absolute difference was 15.6 min (Q1–Q3 = 7.6–33.2 min), and 71% of absolute differences was less than 30 min. The newly developed automated algorithm to determine wake and bed times was highly associated with self-reported times, and can therefore be used to identify waking time in 24-h accelerometry data in large-scale epidemiological studies.