集群创新:研究型大学学科团队发展对策

首先阐述了学科团队、集群创新等概念;其次,根据研究型大学的特征与内涵,从资源集中、学科综合、职能多样、文化宽松等方面分析了学科团队集群创新的优势;最后,从发展规划、组织结构、运行机制、环境氛围等角度提出了学科团队向集群创新发展的对策建议。     

The case for reconceptualizing teacher efficacy research

This paper explores possible uses of teacher efficacy research by democratic teacher educators. The many possible meanings of teacher efficacy levels make it problematic for teacher educators to interpret and use teacher efficacy. Beneficial teacher efficacy doubts and problematic types of teacher efficacy confidence are identified, including conceptions of agency that may conflict with democratic teaching. Thus, efforts to enhance teacher efficacy may have many negative side effects. The research support for teacher efficacy is critiqued. To make future research more useful to democratic teacher educators, a new definition of teachers’ efficacy beliefs is proposed, and research directions are outlined.     

Connecting teacher development and school improvement: ironic consequences of a preservice action research course

This article describes the author's attempts to strengthen connections between teacher development and school improvement in a preservice course requirement. The context is an action research course taught during the final semester of a two-year masters degree, cohort program. Hired into the school system as full-time instructional assistants, students in the course were more knowledgeable about and more integrated into the life of their schools than traditional student teachers. While the course goals were partially successful, ironic consequences occurred. Students could not study simultaneously their own teaching and school improvement efforts. By documenting what went on in the course, examining text materials, and analyzing school contexts, the author finds some answers in the ways in which teaching is conceptualized and institutionalized.     

Teacher behaviour and student outcomes: Suggestions for research on teacher training and professional development

The study reported here examines whether teaching skills included in the dynamic model of educational effectiveness can be grouped into types of teacher behaviour and whether these types are related with different student outcome measures. The data stem from a study which was conducted in order to test the validity of the dynamic model. Results reveal that teaching skills can be grouped into five types of teacher behaviour which are discerned in a distinctive way and move gradually from skills associated with direct teaching to more advanced skills concerned with new teaching approaches and differentiation of teaching. Teachers exercising more advanced types of behaviour have better student outcomes. Suggestions for research on teacher education and professional development are drawn.     

Classroom teacher leadership: service-learning for teacher sense of efficacy and servant leadership development

Improved student achievement requires the distribution of leadership beyond one individual. Given their daily connection to students, leadership opportunities distributed to classroom teachers are key to school improvement. Complicating the development of classroom teacher leaders are attrition rates and low teacher efficacy among novice educators. Service-learning and servant leadership offer complementary pedagogical and philosophical approaches to shift the role of classroom teachers and address efficacy concerns. This study utilised a pre-/post-test, quasi-experimental research design to determine to what extent changes would occur over time in pre-service educators’ teacher sense of efficacy and sense of servant leadership from participating in service-learning.     

Effects of school‐wide positive behavior support on teacher self‐efficacy

This study examined the relationships between implementation of a school‐wide approach to behavior, School‐wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS), and teacher self‐efficacy. Twenty‐two teachers from schools implementing SWPBS and 40 teachers from schools not implementing SWPBS completed a questionnaire measuring aspects of self‐efficacy. Differences in ratings of self‐efficacy were examined using multilevel modeling. Results showed that teachers at SWPBS schools reported significantly higher perceptions of teacher self‐efficacy when controlling for school‐level effects. Results are discussed in terms of implications for future research and practice. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The effect of trust on teacher empowerment: the mediation of teacher efficacy

This study explores the impact of teachers’ perception of trust in colleagues on their sense of empowerment in Mainland China, with a particular focus on the mediating role of teacher efficacy. The results of a survey of 1646 teachers indicate that although teachers scored positively on trust in colleagues, efficacy and empowerment, they had relatively lower scores on general teaching efficacy (GTE) and participation in decision-making. Trust in colleagues was a significant predictor of teacher empowerment. In addition, personal teaching efficacy had a significant mediation effect on the relationship between trust in colleagues and teacher empowerment, while GTE had not. These findings lead to some implications for understanding the nature of GTE and the relationship between trust and teacher empowerment.     

The relationship between teacher self-concept,teacher efficacy and burnout

Teacher self-concept and efficacy have been investigated with burnout separately, while the two self-beliefs might work together to impact burnout. Guided by a model of the cyclical nature of teacher efficacy, we aimed to extend previous work on self-perceived predictors of teacher burnout by simultaneously investigating teacher self-concept and efficacy to detect the possibility of teacher efficacy being a mediator between teacher self-concept and burnout as well as whether such relationship remains constant across all groups of teachers with different gender and teaching experience. A sample of 1892 teachers across seven Chinese geographical regions completed a self-reported questionnaire addressing self-concept, efficacy, burnout and demographic variables. Structural equation modelling indicated that teacher self-concept influenced the burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishment via teacher efficacy. Further multi-group analysis suggested that this mechanism worked equally across different gender and teaching experience groups. With a non-western teacher sample, teacher efficacy was found to work as a mediator between teacher self-concept and burnout. The finding especially contributes to the knowledge in the teacher efficacy literature. The integrated relationship should be further explored in other cultures.     

Transformational practice: critical teacher research in pre-service teacher education

This article traces the experiences of three pre-service teachers as they engaged in teacher research as part of their teacher education program and considers how teacher research might disrupt dominant paradigms that aim to de-contextualize teaching and offer one-size-fits-all solutions to address inequities. In particular, the article examines: the role of the teacher’s personal and academic history in the design of their teacher research projects; how their research worked to disrupt and complicate classroom cultures and practices; and the ways in which the pre-service teachers interpreted their research in light of new contexts during their first year of teaching. This work has critical implications in an era when teacher education programs are under attack, including: the value of drawing on pre-service teachers' lived experiences as an entry point into inquiry; creating highly localized inquiries; and positioning novice teachers as knowledgeable practitioners who are able to share research with colleagues.     

Collective learning in primary schools and teacher education institutes

Many innovations in education are not completed, even if they are well thought out in advance. One of the main causes is the organization’s lack of learning ability, combined with a shortage of teachers’ and students’ ownership with respect to the renewal of ideas and design. In communities of learners, teachers and students collaborate and learn together in order to shape innovations in their daily practice. Their ability to learn collectively is a key factor in developing a learning organization. So far, insights into how processes of collective learning can be designed effectively, and which critical factors play a role, have been based on limited empirical research. This article’s goal is to contribute to the development of these insights, using the results of a study based on 48 cases of collective learning in communities of learners in primary schools and teacher education institutes. The results suggest that although collective learning rarely takes place in most cases, many outcomes are created that affect all community members. This leads to the conclusion that some participants create outcomes, not only on behalf of themselves but also on behalf of others.     

Within-teacher predictors of teacher efficacy

Previous research has represented teacher efficacy (TE) as a unitary disposition, despite theoretical arguments that TE is task specific. Experienced secondary teachers (N = 52) responded to a survey probing their feelings of personal efficacy toward teaching different classes (up to four per respondent). Teachers' performance expectancies varied among teaching assignments: within-teacher factors accounted for 21% of the variance in TE. The influence of within-teacher factors on TE was moderated by between-teacher variables (subject, experience, education, gender, preference for student-directed instruction and innovative assessment).     

Teacher efficacy and teacher competency ratings

This cross-validation study investigated the relationships among teacher sense of efficacy, superintendents' ratings of teacher competency, and selected demographic and background variables. One hundred fifty-five teachers from 15 districts in a Southeastern state participated in the study. Multiple regression indicated variables significantly related to efficacy scores were: competency rating by superintendent, birth order, and whether the teacher would again choose teaching as a career. Using discriminant analysis, superior and average competency teachers could be differentiated from low competency teachers on the basis of four significant variables, one of which was efficacy scores. This analysis placed 80.52% of the teachers in the appropriate group, and accounted for 29% of the variance in groups. Analyses also indicated some support for the consistency of superintendents' ratings of teachers across districts.     

高等教育生师此实证研究:以河北省为例

对1998-2003年河北省普通高等教育生师比进行实证研究,并在与全国平均水平和高校评估标准比较的基础上,提出2015年以前,河北省应大力压缩非教学人员比例,采取较高水平的生师比政策,可确定在16-21之间,以加快河北省高等教育大众化的步伐.