廊庑渐大:陈忠实过渡期小说创作状况

从80年代中期开始，陈忠实的创作进入连接，贯通他的早期创作与《》白鹿原》写作的过渡期阶段，其特征是文化视境的展开，对人的生存境况关注以及语言风格上的渐趋成熟。     

二战后德国新教育史学的发展及政治化特征

二战后德国新教育史学主要经历了三个发展阶段:1)1945年至20世纪70年代中期,学历危机和教育不公平问题的讨论阶段;2)20世纪70年代末至80年代中期,针对教育和社会的关系、青年教育和青年运动等问题,新教育史学进入自我反思阶段;3)20世纪80年代末至今,新教育史学从自身的错误中吸取教训,改进研究方法、拓宽研究宽度和深度。新教育史学在德国产生了许多积极的影响,如扩大了教育的内涵,教育史研究的中心从政策和课程转向了师生之间、学生之间的实际互动;计量方法被广泛采用,对社会机构的变化作出了细致的检验等等。但新教育史学也受到诸多批评,如教育史研究具有明显的政治化特色,并且在当今德国的教育史研究中,缺少系统的理论指导,仍然将现代教育的矛盾性作为教育史研究的中心,这些将使德国新教育史学陷入新的困境。     

三线建设与六盘水生态环境之变迁

上世纪60年代中期开始,三线建设在六盘水全面铺开。由于当时重开发建设,轻环境保护,环保意识不强,随着六盘水矿区规模的不断扩大,境内环境开始受到污染,生态遭到破坏。出现"三废"污染严重,地下水下沉、枯竭,森林资源缩减,水土流失严重,自然灾害增多等诸多现象。     

高校扩招背景下欧洲高等教育与劳动力市场关系的变化趋势

在高等教育规模扩张的进程中,深入理解高等教育与劳动力市场之间的关系势在必然。自20世纪90年代中期以来,欧洲就从比较的视角迈出了开展毕业生综合调查的第一步。本研究的目的是探讨随着近年来欧洲大学毕业生的增加,毕业生比较调查的结果是否在学业、胜任力、就业等方面呈现出明显的变化趋势。研究结果表明,欧洲高等教育规模在十年间扩张了近一半,这并未对大学毕业生就业造成显著影响。但是,由于调查问卷的较大变化,无法分析高等教育和劳动力市场关系的变化趋势。只有研究者确保收据收集手段的一致性,对毕业生就业状况进行时序比较,才能得到有价值的结论。     

Development of School Achievement in the Nordic Countries During Half a Century

The aim is to describe the development of achievement in compulsory school in the Nordic countries from the 1960s. The study relies on published results concerning literacy and numeracy from the international large-scale assessments between 1964 and 2012. Among others, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) for most countries, a small but consistent increase in the level of achievement was observed from the mid-1970s to around 1990 for both literacy and numeracy; (2) Finland improved literacy performance dramatically between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s, which is hypothesized to be associated with the introduction of part-time special education; (3) for all countries performance declined from the late-1990s/early-2000s, which is hypothesized to be due to different factors in different countries.     

Capitalist Bears and Socialist Modernisation: Chinese Children's Literature in the Post-Mao Period

This article looks at what Chinese children have read in the last quarter of the 20th century. It first briefly examines the official guidelines for children's literature in the post-Mao era, and then analyses some examples to identify the new contents of children's books in China. These examples are taken from two subdivided periods: from the late 1970s to the early 1980s and from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s.     

Patterns,drivers and challenges pertaining to postgraduate taught study: an international comparative analysis

The global growth in postgraduate (PG) study since the mid-1990s has been attributed to the expansion in Masters by Coursework participation (Bekhradnia, B. (2005). Postgraduate education in the UK: Trends and challenges higher education policy institute. Paper presented at a conference The future of postgraduate education supporting the students of today and tomorrow, London, 17 March). However, unlike at undergraduate level, research into understanding PG growth has been under-researched. This paper aims to contribute to the knowledge gap by identifying and comparing the growth in PG study in Australia, Canada, the USA and the UK. It explores the possible drivers behind the growth and concludes by highlighting potential challenges facing the future of PG study across the sector.     

五十年代中期至七十年代中学历史教科书中的美国形象——兼谈与之后教科书的影响与比较

以20世纪50年代中期至70年代二十余年间的部分中学近代现代史课本为主要研究材料,对20世纪50年代中期至70年代中学历史教材中的近现代美国形象特点从政治(含独立战争、内战)、经济、对外关系这些近乎涵盖当时中学历史教材所有关于美国内容的三大方面展开分类评述,以求对当时教材的美国形象从分类剖析中得到具体化和细致化的形象特点。最后对本阶段教材的某些特点进行了总结,并从宏观角度对本阶段教材对其后教材的部分影响及相互比较作了简要探究。     

当代中国社会哲学研究的三个阶段及其主题嬗变

当代中国社会哲学的研究可以分为三个阶段从80年代中期到90年代初期为初创阶段,主要是厘定学科内容及研究方法;90年代初期至中期为起步阶段,着重于发展哲学的研究;90年代中期以后可谓纵深阶段,对社会生活中的一系列重大问题进行了研讨,形成了比较系统的学科观念,诸如社会哲学的学科性质、学科定位、研究对象和研究方法等,确立了社会哲学研究的大方向.     

The third sector and the governance of education

This article explores the nature, scope and form of third-sector involvement in education in New Zealand as demonstrated through a comparison of its relationship with the state in two distinct periods of state and educational development. It begins with an analysis of the period of state expansion from crown colony to centralised administration in the mid-1870s. It then examines the relationship in the decade following the restructuring of education in 1989, as the neoliberal state negotiated economic changes at the national and supranational levels, and challenges to the existing educational organisation from both the political left and the political right. Although an almost mirror image of nineteenth-century arrangements is identified, the nature of the state/third-sector relationship was vastly different as a smaller, but nonetheless stronger, state retained control over the governance of education and, with it, possibilities and limitations for third-sector involvement.     

解构主义翻译学在中国

本文回顾了我国90年代中期以来的解构主义翻译研究,概述了解构主义翻译学的优势与不足。由此指出,解构并不是目的,也不能导致翻译学的建立。要促进翻译学的发展必然要寻求如何构建新的理论体系。     

Planning responses to demographic change

The United Kingdom faces a decline in the 18-year-old cohort from 900,000 + in the mid-1980s to 600,000 + in the mid-1990s. Will a third of the universities close? More important, will industry and commerce cope with the potential reduction in skilled manpower production? A method is described for forecasting graduate numbers and their quality by discipline, and suggestions are made about ways in which society could react so as to influence unacceptable trends.     

From Screening to Improving Quality: The case of Latin America

Use of testing expanded in Latin America during the last 50 years from academic centres to policy makers and mass media. The expansion has been the result of the perseverance of many researchers and practitioners, cheaper and more user-friendly technol ogy, demands on labour and its ability to compete in a global market, and international comparisons showing the low adult functional literacy and poor performance of Latin American students. The first boost to testing was generated by the need for screening students for higher education. Later on there was a demand for identifying quality gaps causing repetition problems and low performance. In the 1980s a few countries used testing to assess alternative solutions and new ways to deliver teaching and managing classroom processes. By the mid-1990s a dozen countries were operating national testing systems. Recent tasks have been the identification of reading problems; the conducting of international compari sons; and the selection of effective models to raise quality. Even though only a few countries have taken full advantage of the whole set of possible uses of testing, there is a growing interest in using testing for raising students' achievement.     

颠覆与重构－－新时期小说艺术真实性观念的嬗变

80年代中期以来 ,长期占主导地位的现实主义小说艺术真实观遭到了先锋派创作和新写实小说的严重挑战 ,真实性观念在两股新的文学潮流那里被赋予崭新的涵义。三种小说艺术真实观共生共荣 ,左右了 80年代中期以后小说创作的想象空间和叙事走向。     

The Stratification of Students in Israeli Universities: Persistent Outcomes of an Educational Expansion Policy

Expansion trends of higher education systems involve the planned growth of new universities, frequently stratified lower than established ones in academic breadth and excellence as well as in the socio-demographic origins of their students. The persistence of this internal stratification of the university system subsequent to its expansion remains a controversial issue. Between the early and mid-1990s the Israeli Council for Higher Education has expanded the three ‘‘target’’ universities, aimed at peripheral or specific sectors. Compared to the three established elitist institutions, these universities have concentrated on the liberal arts and attracted students of lower social origins. The present study examines the stratification of students into elitist and target universities a few years after this particular expansion policy was abandoned in favor of college accreditation. Though the overall growth rate of university freshmen since 1995 has subsequently declined, the relative share of the target universities is still steadily growing. Our analysis of data from a 1999 national survey of freshmen in all six universities reveals that students of the target universities still tend to originate from lower status groups and ethnic minorities regardless of academic ability. Furthermore, their general study motivations, particular study considerations, and institutional choice orientations are more practical and vocationally oriented than those of students in the elitist universities. It therefore seems that expansion policies of university systems should not overlook their long-term consequences for the stratification of universities and their students.     

坚持毛泽东“自力更生”思想促进中国科技发展

毛泽东提出了“自力更生为主、争取外援为辅”的方针,成为了20世纪50年代中期到60年代中期新中国科技“黄金时期”的政策支柱。现代中国科技的发展,也必须坚持毛泽东“自力更生”的思想,明确“自力更生”是中国科技的立足点,坚持“自力更生”、重视“独创”发展中国科技,坚持“自力更生”与“争取外援”相结合发展中国科技,才能屹立于世界强国之林。     

The market route to mass higher education: British experience 1979–1996

The period 1979–1996 was one of radical change in British higher education. Initially change was mainly financial, expenditure was cut severely. In response the universities sought funds from elsewhere. By the mid-1980s expenditure cuts were supplemented by government initiatives to encourage universities and polytechnics to undertake research and consultancy contracts with industry and to seek private donations. Education Acts in 1988 and 1992 speeded the pace of change. Most large higher education institutions were redesignated as universities with consequential changes to the idea of a university. Public funding mechanisms were established that encouraged expansion at marginal costs much lower than average costs. The results were dramatic. Between 1989 and 1994 enrollments increased by over 50% and expenditure per student fell by 30%. Financial power shifted from providers to consumers and proxy consumers. Universities began to contract out non-core activities. This paper describes these changes and considers their significance for the nature and meaning of higher education in Britain.     

悖论与20世纪逻辑学的发展

20世纪西方悖论研究是继古希腊和中世纪之后出现的第三次悖论研究的高潮时期 ,可划分为三个阶段 :1 90 1年罗素悖论发现至 30年代末为第一阶段 ,主要以集合论悖论研究为重点 ;4 0年代初至 70年代中叶为第二阶段 ,逐渐转移到以语义悖论研究为重点 ;70年代中叶至 2 0世纪末为第三阶段 ,回归到自然语言 ,在语形、语义、语用的统一中研究悖论问题。现代逻辑在悖论研究中得到了具体应用 ,悖论问题研究促进了现代逻辑的深入发展。     

Trends in Higher Education Participation in Scotland

Scottish higher education has expanded and diversified in the last two decades. Most notably, compared to the early 1980s, participation in the mid-1990s has risen disproportionately among people aged over 21, people from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, women, and (probably) minority ethnic groups. Students are more likely to move away from their home region on entering undergraduate courses, although they are not much more likely than before to leave Scotland altogether. Although participation from Scotland generally has risen more rapidly than participation from elsewhere in the UK generally, at some Scottish institutions the proportion of undergraduates coming from outside Scotland is growing. The system as a whole is not becoming markedly more part-time, although there has been a rise in the very small proportion of people who are studying for first degrees part-time (as opposed to HNDs etc). The share of higher education taking place in further education colleges has grown sharply, but nearly all of that has been for HNDs etc rather than degrees. The expansion has been driven partly by general social change (including the intergenerational effects of previous educational expansion), partly by special entrance schemes to encourage students from social backgrounds that have not in the past been strongly associated with entering higher education, and partly by government policy. These pressures will continue, and will probably be reinforced by the imminent reform of post-16 assessment and curriculum in Scotland, producing for the educational stage immediately preceding higher education for most students a unified framework embracing both academic and vocational courses.