美国语言教育政策对语言少数族裔学生的影响*

美国的《双语教育法》尊重语言少数族裔儿童带进美国学校的母语和文化,注重追求教育公平,但忽略了教育效率,未能解决语言少数族裔儿童语言学习问题。《英语习得法》将政策追求目标转向结果或成功的平等,对语言少数族裔儿童既不公允也不公正。它是在牺牲其母语和文化的基础上追求教育效率的,未能把握好教育公平和效率的平衡,最终会延宕政策终极目标的达成。     

论美国小学里的双语教育问题

美国是一个多民族的移民国家,有许多少数族裔,如亚裔、拉美裔、阿拉伯裔等。尽管美国是个英语国家,但双语教育在美国非常盛行,也就是说,这些少数族裔的孩子,除了学习英语还要学习他们自己的本族语言。 所谓双语教育(Bilingual Education),就是在同一个国家或地区的学校里,学生要同时学习和掌握两种或两种以上的语言,并能运用它们同时进行有效而得体的交际。     

美国少数族裔学生国家通用语言文字教育的沿革、经验与困境

少数民族学生的国家通用语言文字水平不仅影响自身学业成就,也与民族地区的全面发展和中华民族的凝聚力、向心力密切相关。作为语言文化多元化的国家,美国的国家通用语言文字教育政策历经多次变迁与发展,其少数族裔学生国家通用语言文字教育策略的有效性也已在研究和实践中得到验证。从历史发展角度纵向分析美国少数族裔语言教育相关政策的历史沿革,横向对美国少数族裔学生国家通用语言文字教育经验进行系统梳理,并剖析美国少数族裔学生国家通用语言文字教育实施过程中的困境,如语言政策差异性、教育对象缺乏代表性、少数族裔文化属性剥离等,能够为我国民族地区国家通用语言文字教育提供借鉴。     

美国高等教育中的少数族裔问题探析

美国高等院校少数族裔学生日益增加,种族问题演化成校园中新的族裔问题。美国高等教育中族裔问题的表象折射出美国教育及美国社会价值观的取向。本文主要探讨美国高等院校校园中少数族裔问题的现象及高等院校的态度,并就族裔问题给美国高等教育形成的挑战进行了分析。     

美国华人双语教育的发展与问题

美国主流社会把双语教育视为一种补偿性教育手段,用来促使少数族裔儿童尽早同化,逐渐融入主流教育体系。华裔领袖则将双语教育看作是一种在社会财富、服务、资源分配上最大化地维持平等的保护手段。无论怎样,华裔儿童在两种不同的意识形态中获得了双语教育带来的便利。     

美国少数族裔教师招募政策及其措施

为了解决少数族裔教师整体数量不足、少数族裔双语教师短缺、少数族裔教师后备力量不足等问题,美国一些州积极响应联邦政府的建议和要求,通过采取财政激励、制定专项政策或法律、实施专项少数族裔教师招募计划、成立专门少数族裔教师招募机构和推进替代性教师资格计划等措施,增加少数族裔教师数量,提高师资队伍多样化水平.虽然这些政策和措施取得了一定的成效,但美国少数族裔教师短缺问题的解决仍然任重道远.     

美国少数民族双语教育政策及其特点

长期以来,由于受语言的限制,许多少数族裔学生在学业成绩上远远落后于母语为英语的学生。为了帮助英语水平有限的少数民族学生获得平等的教育机会,1968年,美国联邦政府颁布了首个《双语教育法》。虽然到20世纪初该法案最终取消,但相关政策为推动美国少数民族双语教育发展发挥了重要作用。从政策变迁过程来看,政治力量介入使得美国双语教育政策的变迁过程充满了曲折和反复;从政策价值取向来看,由于政策决策者对少数民族语言的态度转变,导致美国双语政策价值取向由"语言是权利"和"语言是资源"走向"语言是问题";从政策执行过程来看,联邦政府非常重视推进学区的自身能力建设。     

美国《英语习得法》出台的社会背景因素分析——以霍姆斯的四模式为分析框架

将《英语习得法》置于霍姆斯的四模式分析框架,对其出台的社会背景进行分析。结果表明:美国主流社会的意识形态、少数族裔学生成绩低下、教师资源和课程文化难以满足多元化学生的教育需求、主流社会担心其语言和文化受到威胁、少数族裔学生不断增长以及族群构成更加多元等,构成了《英语习得法》出台的背景因素。     

20世纪美国双语教育政策执行力研究

1968年美国联邦政府通过的《双语教育法》为双语教育争得了"权利"和政策"保护",并以拨款形式鼓励地方实施双语教育计划。政策实施伊始,联邦双语教育管理者缺乏相关的管理经验且人手不足,地方教育机构对双语教育政策理解不够透彻,一线双语教师成为了政策的形塑者。联邦最高法庭判例推动了双语教育的发展,体现了语言少数族裔学生的语言问题必须得到彻底解决的双语教育政策的终极目标。     

美国当代批评理论与少数族裔女性文学

当今美国社会是一个倡导多元文化的社会。这样的多元文化氛围催生了美国少数族裔女性文学．同时叉使美国的文学批评呈现出“百花争鸣”的繁荣景象。美国少数族裔女性作家将文学理论应用于其创作实践中,书写蕾族裔女性的文化身份,美国少数族裔女性文学糅合了族裔女性意识和女性特有的生理、心理体验,继承了本民族的文化传统,承载着美国异域文化经验,成为美国文化与文学中一种独有的美学奇观。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.