学习焦虑与成败归因倾向关系的研究

归因与情绪有着密切的关系。根据韦纳的归因理论,不同的归因方式引发不同的期望和情绪反应。学习焦虑作为学生学习过程中重要的情绪因素,对学生学习成绩的影响较大。在成功情境下,低焦虑水平的学生倾向于内部归因,高焦虑水平和中等焦虑水平的学生倾向于外部归因。在失败情境下,高焦虑水平学生倾向于内部归因,中等焦虑水平和高焦虑水平的学生倾向于外部归因。对如何调节高学习焦虑提出几点建议。     

Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Theories of Motivation from an Attributional Perspective

Two related attribution theories of motivation are examined. One, an intrapersonal theory, includes self-directed thoughts (particularly expectancy of success) and self-directed emotions (pride, guilt, and shame). The second is an interpersonal theory and includes beliefs about the responsibility of others and other-directed affects of anger and sympathy. These two theories are respectively guided by the disparate metaphors of the person as a scientist and the person as a judge. Some experimental evidence supporting the conceptions and the range of phenomena that they incorporate are examined.     

Emotional arousal of beginning physics teachers during extended experimental investigations

Teachers often have difficulty implementing inquiry‐based activities, leading to the arousal of negative emotions. In this multicase study of beginning physics teachers in Australia, we were interested in the extent to which their expectations were realized and how their classroom experiences while implementing extended experimental investigations (EEIs) produced emotional states that mediated their teaching practices. Against rhetoric of fear expressed by their senior colleagues, three of the four teachers were surprised by the positive outcomes from their supervision of EEIs for the first time. Two of these teachers experienced high intensity positive emotions in response to their students' success. When student actions/outcomes did not meet their teachers' expectations, frustration, anger, and disappointment were experienced by the teachers, as predicted by a sociological theory of human emotions (Turner, J. H. (2007). Human emotions: A sociological theory. London, England: Routledge). Over the course of the EEI projects, the teachers' practices changed along with their emotional states and their students' achievements. We account for similarities and differences in the teachers' emotional experiences in terms of context, prior experience, and expectations. The findings from this study provide insights into effective supervision practices that can be used to inform new and experienced teachers alike. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50:137–161, 2013     

中小学生交往成败的归因特点与归因训练

中小学生对交往成功和失败的归因倾向存在差异,不同年级、不同性别其归因倾向的特点各异。其影响因素有前提信息的影响、归因中的"自我防御性归因"、对突显刺激的过度反应、期望是个体对自己将来活动结果的预先性认知、伴随归因过程而产生的情感体验等。针对中小学生交往归因的特点,特别是中小学生错误的归因方式,进行归因训练的方式有集体训练和个别训练两种形式。归因训练对提高中小学生的交往效果具有重要的实践意义。     

Attributions and Responses to the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Developmental Analysis

This study assessed the causes ascribed by Israeli children and youth for the Arab-Israeli conflict and the relation of these attributions to their expectations and emotions. The results highlight basic contingencies between the form of attribution and the character of emotional response and future expectation, with marked developmental variations in both the strength and manner of this association. Overall, the findings suggest the utility of Bizman and Hoffman's attributional model as a heuristic for understanding children's perception and response to conflict, but underscore the need for developmental adaptation. Particular attention is drawn to the developing concept of mutuality and its implication for the application of attributional analyses in the young.     

梁山县高中生物理考试成败归因特点调查

以山东省梁山县780名高中生为被试,以考试成败归因问卷为工具,探讨高中生对物理考试成败结果的归因特点。结果表明：整体上看,梁山县高中生对考试成败倾向于作内部可控归因,其中又主要归因于持久努力、临时努力和学习方法,对考试成功与失败的归因倾向基本是一致的;男女生对于考试成功的归因不存在明显的差别,对考试失败的归因有一定差异,女生比男生更看重学习方法、学习基础与能力等原因对失败结果的影响;不同年级高中生对考试成败具有基本相同的归因倾向;不同成绩水平高中生对考试成功的归因不存在明显的差异,对考试失败的归因存在一定的差异。     

Reinforcement schedules,effort vs. Ability attributions,and persistence

Two treatment studies of special education students markedly helpless with regard to arithmetic are reported. The first experiment compared an attribution retraining (Dweck, 1975) treatment to a control treatment matched to it in schedule of successes and failures. Both the attribution retraining and control treatments proved effective in alleviating helplessness, but they were not differentially effective. The second experiment compared the effects of three success-failure schedules (100% success, 76.9% success, and 46.2% success) on attributions and persistence. Only the 76.9% success schedule increased attributions of failures to lack of effort and improved behavioral persistence in the face of failure. The results were interpreted as supporting one aspect of Weiner's (1979) theory, which implies that an infrequently experienced event, i.e., failure, will be attributed to an unstable cause, i.e., lack of effort.     

Not that different in theory: Discussing the control-value theory of emotions in online learning environments

This commentary investigates the extent to which the control-value theory of emotions (Pekrun, 2006) is applicable in online learning environments. Four empirical studies in this special issue of The Internet and Higher Education explicitly used the control-value theory as their theoretical framework and several others have components of the theory implicitly described. Thus, for each article we examined what emotions were expressed, the antecedents of the emotions, and their academic outcomes in relation to the control-value theory of emotions. In general, the results from these studies parallel those in traditional classrooms, suggesting there are few differences in emotions experienced in online learning environments relative to face-to-face classrooms. A primary reason for the observed similarities in emotions may be that control and value appraisals play consistent roles as antecedents of specific emotions even though students’ learning environment is dramatically different. We conclude with suggestions for future research.     

运用归因理论激发小学生的成就动机

归因理论对于学校教育具有重大的指导意义.它可以帮助教师寻找到教育的契机和方法.学生对学习结果的归因,直接影响其学习信心和对前途的期待.心理学研究表明,人们的归因倾向是可以改变的,教师可结合归因训练,并利用课堂教学,运用教育与引导的方法,帮助学生作出正确、积极的归因,激发学生的成就动机.     

大学生计算机等级考试成败的归因研究

以Weiner的归因理论为指导,采用访谈和问卷调查等方法对浙江省大学生计算机等级考试成败归因进行调查分析。结果显示,大学生的归因方式存在缺陷,他们认为外部因素是影响考试成绩的最主要因素,而忽视对内部因素的归因分析;在计算机等级考试通过率方面,不同性别和不同专业类别因素没有产生影响,但不同考试类别因素有极其显著差异的影响;等级考试失败的学生对下次考试成功的期望值较高,但在调整学习方法和学习策略方面态度消极。     

Causal Attributions for Success or Failure of Students in College Algebra

Research in the field of attribution theory and academic achievement suggests a relationship between a student's attributional style and achievement. Theorists and researchers contend that attributions influence individual reactions to success and failure. They also report that individuals use attributions to explain and justify their performance. Studies in mathematics education identify attribution theory as the theoretical orientation most suited to explain academic performance in mathematics. This study focused on the relationship among a high risk course, low success rates, and attribution by examining the difference in the attributions passing and failing students gave for their performance in College Algebra. Students from a large urban community college in South Florida (n = 410) self-reported their performance on an in-class test by providing open-ended attribution statements to explain the cause of their performance. They then attributed their performance along the dimensions of locus of causality, stability, personal controllability, and external controllability using the Causal Dimensions Scale (CDSII). The open-ended attribution statements were coded in relation to ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck and compared using a Pearson chi- square procedure. The quantitative data compared the passing and failing groups and their attributions for performance on the test using One-way ANOVA and Pearson chi-square procedures. The results of the quantitative data comparing passing and failing groups and their attributions along the dimensions measured by the CDSII indicated statistical significance in locus of causality, stability, and personal controllability. The results comparing the open-ended attribution statements indicated statistical significance in the categories of effort and task difficulty.     

Self-Control as a Personal Resource: Determining Its Relationships to Success,Perseverance, and Well-Being

Self-control is understood as the ability of the individual to manage his behavior and emotions, thoughtfully react to events that happen around him, and to prevent himself from acting out of undesirable impulses and emotions. This article presents two studies that sought to validate a Russian-language version of the Brief Self-Control Scale that was developed by June P. Tangney, Roy F. Baumeister, and Angie Luzio Boone. The studies tested samples of employees (n = 591) and students (n = 328), respectively, using the scale consisting of 13 items. We demonstrate the one-dimensional structure of the scale using confirmatory factor analysis. The scale has high reliability (Cronbach alpha of 0.84 and 0.79), and it demonstrates predictable current and potential future relationships with self-reported and objective indicators of academic and professional success. Self-control is associated with indicators of successful functioning and well-being. The obtained connections retain statistical reliability when controlling for social desirability. The results show that self-control is an important personal-motivational resource that contributes to success in life and improving psychological well-being.     

县级中学高中生物理考试成败归因特点

以435名县级中学高中生为被试,以考试成败归因问卷为工具,旨在探讨高中生对物理考试成败结果的归因特点。研究表明:(1)整体上看,县级中学高中生对物理考试成败倾向于作内部归因,他们将持久努力、临时努力和学习方法等内部可控原因视为首要原因;(2)自我评价成功者与失败者对考试结果的归因存在明显差异;(3)男女生对考试成功的归因不存在明显的差异,对考试失败的归因有一定差异,女生比男生更看重能力、学习方法、学习基础与任务难度等原因对失败结果的影响;(4)高中生对考试成败的归因不存在明显的年级差异。     

Are we exacerbating students’ learning disabilities? An investigation of preservice teachers’ attributions of the educational outcomes of students with learning disabilities

While claims of the importance of attribution theory and teachers’ expectations of students for student performance are repeatedly made, there is little comprehensive research identifying the perceptions preservice teachers have of students with learning disabilities (LD). Accordingly, 444 Australian preservice primary school teachers were surveyed using vignettes and Likert-scale questions, to ascertain their responses to students with and without LD. It was found that preservice primary school general education teachers held a negative attribution style towards students with LD. Preservice primary teachers perceived students with LD as a lacking ability in comparison to others in the class. Recommendations for research and training programmes conclude the paper.     

大学生自主学习动力机制的开发

指出激励理论对大学生自主学习的启示,提出依照目标理论和马斯洛需求原理,明确自主学习目标;依照自我效能感理论和归因理论,增强自主学习意识;依照双因素论理论和正负激励理论,保护自主学习动机;依照期望理论和强化理论,修正自主学习行动。     

原始情绪——对基本情绪理论的拓展

基本情绪理论假定在自然界广泛存在着6-8种基本情绪构成所有情绪的基础,然而情绪的社会建构理论否定了情绪的自然属性和整体性.原始情绪理论对基本情绪理论进行了拓展,它将行为准备状态作为情绪产生的基础,有效地解决了基本情绪理论与情绪的社会建构理论之间的矛盾.这是对情绪形成过程的一种大胆假设,丰富和发展了情绪理论.     

The interplay between academic emotions,psychological flexibility and self-regulation as predictors of academic achievement

Research concerning students’ emotions as well as their way of coping with their emotions in different situations has been scarce. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between self-regulated learning, academic emotions, psychological flexibility, study success and study pace during university-level studies. A total of 274 arts students participated in this study. Academic emotions were first explored with factor analyses, parallel analysis and confirmatory factor analyses. The relationship between self-regulated learning, psychological flexibility, academic emotions and study success and study pace was analysed using Pearson’s correlations and path analysis using Amos. The results revealed that there is a strong connection between self-regulated learning and academic emotions and that students’ self-regulations appear to affect students’ emotions with regard to their academic study. Furthermore, psychological flexibility appeared to be an important mediator between academic emotions and study pace. The study suggests that students’ emotions and their way of coping with these emotions should be taken into account when considering learning and teaching.