科学史研究中的“地方性知识”与文化相对主义

本文主要分析作为人类学核心思想之一的“地方性知识”在科学史研究中的应用,并结合实际的科学史研究案例,探讨地方性知识的研究给科学史研究带来的变化以及编史学意义,并分析了由于此概念的引进而带来的有关文化相对主义的说法。作者认为,带有文化相对主义特征的引进“地方性知识”的研究,是对多元的历史的承认和尊重,是对其他民族和智力方式之合法性的认同,也更加有益于科学史研究的未来发展。     

New directions in the history of modern science in China: global science and comparative history

These essays collectively present new perspectives on the history of modem science in China since 1900. Fa-ti Fan describes how science under the Republic of China after 1911 exhibited a complex local and international character that straddled both imperialism and colonialism. Danian Hu focuses on the fate of relativity in the physics community in China after 1917. Zuoyue Wang hopes that a less nationalist political atmosphere in China will stimulate more transnational studies of modern science, which will in turn reveal the underlying commonalities in different national contexts. Sigrid Schmalzer compares the socialist and the capitalist contexts for science in China and reopens the sensitive question of the "mass line" during the Cultural Revolution. Grace Shen describes the tensions early Chinese scientists felt when choosing between foreign models for modem geology and their own professional identities in China. Taken together, these accounts present us with a comparative history of modern science in China that is both globally and locally informed.     

科学史与现代科学

一、思想方法:科学史与现代科学的交接点 什么是历史?什么是现代?这个界限很难划分.有人认为,今天报纸上登载的事情绝大部分都是历史,因为它发生在昨天或昨天以前,都是过去时态.按照这个说法,除了今天正在研究或正在计划中的科学工作以外,所有科学都属于历史范畴.这种说法当然很难得到多数人的同意,而且也不现实.     

科学的向度:力量、知识抑或智慧

 在人类求知的长河中,从无知到知之,知之积累为知识,知识转化为力量,进而拥有智慧的辩证过程中,科学既是智慧的基础,又构成了通往智慧的环节.科学最有价值的意义就在于获得智慧,这种智慧不仅是人们安身立命之根本,更是人种永存的重要机制.最原初的"爱智慧"构成科学理想中最深奥、最灿烂的伟大哲思.科学的三向度:力量、知识和智慧事实上是三位一体的关系.科学的理想是力量、知识和智慧的完满结合.     

科学史家眼中的全球化与多样性——第二十二届国际科学史大会综述及思考

一会议综述2005年7月24—30日,以“全球化和多样性”为主题的第22届国际科学史大会在北京成功召开。中国科技史学会和自然科学史研究所承担了本次大会的筹备工作。科学史研究是一项综合性强、跨越性大的研究。随着科学对社会影响的加深和扩大,科学史越来越受到关注,拥有科学史研究部门已成为一个优秀和成熟大学的标志之一,哈佛、剑桥等大学的科学史系就是最好的例证。今天,科学史不仅只是关于人类过去成就的记录,更将为创造美好未来提供指导。在经济全球化的时代珍视与维护文化多样性,这是历史发展的逻辑,也是为了确保全人类在新世纪最大地…     

Making knowledge work: five principles for action-oriented knowledge management

Often knowledge management (KM) initiatives are built on an assumption that the relationship between knowledge and action starts with knowledge, that is, we know something and we act upon it. Such an assumption can lead KM initiatives to develop knowledge that is not necessarily useful for the actions that an organization is willing to take. However, if the organization derives knowledge from the actions they are willing to take or they are taking, the knowledge can be much more useful as it will directly facilitate the actions. In this article, we argue that the relationship between knowledge and action is reciprocal and offers two-way learning. As such, KM initiatives are most apt to be successful by considering how to derive knowledge from action as well as how to deliver knowledge. The paper develops five principles for action-oriented KM.     

修辞与科学知识传播论纲

科学知识的有效传播离不开修辞,以修辞的方式传播科学知识是可能的和必要的。第一,语言文字是科学知识的最基本的载体之一,以承载科学知识的修辞话语传播科学知识常常能为更广泛的公众所喜闻乐见;第二,修辞方式往往可以给特定科学知识传播以策略上的支持;第三,修辞过程与科学知识传播过程均为且均必为一互动的过程;第四,修辞和科学知识传播的效果都可以通过审美的方式体现出来。     

Taxonomy and why history of science matters for science: a case study

The history of science often has difficulty connecting with science at the lab-bench level, raising questions about the value of history of science for science. This essay offers a case study from taxonomy in which lessons learned about particular failings of numerical taxonomy (phenetics) in the second half of the twentieth century bear on the new movement toward DNA barcoding. In particular, it argues that an unwillingness to deal with messy theoretical questions in both cases leads to important problems in the theory and practice of identifying taxa. This argument makes use of scientific and historical considerations in a way that the authors hope leads to convincing conclusions about the history of taxonomy as well as about its present practice.     

Alchemy and the history of science. Introduction

Alchemy is part of the cultural experience of early modern Europe and yet has had to overcome problems of demarcation to be considered relevant to the history of science. This essay considers historiographical and methodological issues that have affected the gradual demarginalization of alchemy among attempts to explain, and find things out about, nature. As an area of historical study, alchemy relates to the history of science as part of an ensemble of practices that explored the natural world through natural philosophy and speculative traditions and by functioning as a nexus of social and intellectual life.     

Making knowledge management work: tactical to practical

Over the past 20 years, many researchers and theorists have generated a significant body of literature in the interrelated fields of knowledge management (KM), organizational learning (OL), and knowledge creation (KC). A large body of work generated by proponents of technology as a primary facilitator of KM, OL, and KC supports the expenditure of billions of dollars in information technology infrastructure and knowledge management systems. A separate body of work generated by behaviourists illustrates how organizational culture is a major determinate in the effectiveness of the technology. Ultimately, corporate executives measure success in terms recognizable to financial markets. Yet, an empirical link connecting the interrelated dots needed to provide practical guidance to practitioners and executives remains elusive. This paper summarizes historical and current perspectives within the field and identifies the need for continue empirical research to build a practical construct.