This view of science: Stephen Jay Gould as historian of science and scientific historian,popular scientist and scientific popularizer

Science historian Ronald Numbers once remarked that the two most influential historians of science of the 20th century were Thomas Kuhn and Stephen Jay Gould. All historians are deeply familiar with Kuhn's work and influence, and most know of the remarkable impact Gould has had on evolutionary theory through both his professional and popular works. But little attention has been paid to the depth, scope, and importance of Gould's r?le as historian and philosopher of science, and his use of popular science exposition to reinforce old knowledge and generate new. This paper presents the results of an extensive quantitative content analysis of Gould's 22 books, 101 book reviews, 479 scientific papers, and 300 Natural History essays, in terms of their subject matter (Evolutionary Theory, History and Philosophy of Science, Natural History, Paleontology/Geology, Social Science/Commentary), and thematic dichotomies (Theory-Data, Time's Arrow-Time's Cycle, Adaptationism- Nonadaptationalism, Punctuationism-Gradualism, Contingency-Necessity). Special emphasis is placed on the interaction between the subjects and themata, how Gould has used the history of science to reinforce his evolutionary theory (and vice versa), and how his philosophy of science has influenced both his evolutionary theory and his historiography. That philosophy can best be summed up in a quotation from Charles Darwin, frequently cited by Gould: 'All observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service'. Gould followed Darwin's advice throughout his career, including his extensive writings on the history and philosophy of science.     

科技风险的伦理思考

当代科学技术的高速发展在日益改变着世界,但由于人们对科学技术工具理性的无限制滥用,使得科学技术的发展离开了道德的制约、伦理的引导,导致了人与自然、人与人类自身等伦理实体的和谐关系遭到破坏,科学技术发展中蕴含着一些高风险,给人类文明提出了严峻的挑战,从而使科技风险问题成为人类文明发展中不可回避的问题.为了防范科学技术发展所带来的风险危机,就必须唤醒人们的伦理觉悟、伦理生态意识,进而构建稳定的伦理-科技生态,从而使人们在充分享受科技发展所带来的巨大方便的同时,也拥有一个和谐的人类文明.     

Science surveys and histories of literature: reflections on an uneasy kinship

With their common focus on narrative, literary scholars and historians of science share a close relationship with language and can offer each other valuable interpretive insights. Particularly revealing in each field are scientists' and literary writers' changing uses of metaphor, which is critical to each kind of scholarship since both disciplines place such a high value on cultural context. Any cross-disciplinary help, however, needs to take into account the essential differences between the fields: contrasting views of what constitutes evidence and varying relationships with the past. Since both kinds of scholarship involve creating as well as analyzing narratives, each field has developed its own sense of pacing and significance, and their differing approaches to truth deserve respect.     

On the appropriate use of rose-colored glasses: reflections on science in socialist China

In the 1970s and early 1980s, many Westerners wrote enthusiastically about science as practiced in socialist China. They applauded the mobilization of broad sectors of the population for science that truly served the people. By the mid-1980s, revelations about the many horrors of the Cultural Revolution worked to discredit these early, optimistic accounts. At the same time, the post-Mao privileging of economic development over social revolution (which meshes well with dominant Western attitudes) now strongly colors almost all analyses of science in socialist China. This essay encourages historians to retrieve the largely discarded rosy accounts of earlier years. Such sources provide insight into the goals of historical actors and challenge us to recognize the specificity and contingency of our own values. Used in tandem with the later sources, they can help us achieve a critical understanding of science in both socialist China and our own historical context.     

典型国家建设农业科技创新体系的经验借鉴

对美国、日本、荷兰、以色列四个现代农业化国家农业科技创新体系的基本框架和建设做法进行全面阐述,分析四个国家农业科技创新体系建设的不同特点,提出值得我国农业科技创新体系建设借鉴的六条经验。     

Making knowledge: history, literature, and the poetics of science

As a field of study, literature and science has gradually expanded to encompass both the impact of science on literary culture and the literary-linguistic practices intrinsic to the production of scientific knowledge. Such transformations both reinforce and fundamentally recalibrate the detailed attention focused on scientific practice by historians of science since the 1980s. As a result, this essay and the Focus section it introduces suggest that history of science and literature and science are, in fact, interdependent fields. Attention to their convergences will yield better understanding of the performative dimensions of scientific practices and thence of science itself as a form of making of knowledge of things and events in the world of nature. Science as a form of making involves the convergence of things, material practices, and a panoply of meaningful artifacts-instruments of thought and action-that refuse any simple dichotomy between "text" and "action."     

有关中学政治课“四度”的一些看法

中学政治教材设计的知识面比较广．在教学中有时需要对知识进行深入分析与拓展,但进行知识传授时,一要了解学生的接受能力．二要结合学生的实际情况对知识的把握要有“度”。以新课程的标准为依据,合理进行知识的传授。     

循证医学与高原中医药

简要概述循征医学的概念、实质、意义及应用成就，目前高原中医药研究存在的不足；探索循征医学在高原中医药中的应用前景。     

“白银时代”文学概观

近几年来,在我国出现了一段译介、出版＂白银时代＂文学的热潮,但对于怎样界定＂白银时代＂这一概念,一直以来有比较大的意见分歧。本文初步探讨了＂白银时代＂的内涵及外延,对其主要流派作了分析,总结归纳出＂白银时代＂文学的几个特征。以期对俄罗斯＂白银时代＂的文学有一个比较全面、深刻的认识。     

Gender sensitivity and the drive for IT: Lessons from the NetCorps Jordan Project

This article uses the NetCorps Jordan project as a case study of the ways in which Information Technology transforms social and economic life at the grass roots. Particular attention is paid to the role of gender in shaping such processes. In the end, this essay explores the motivations, the hopes and the results of one Arab country’s IT4 D experiment using the narratives of the participants as a guide. It is clear from the analysis below that culture, context and gender play a significant role in who gets to do what with IT.     

A golden decade for ocean science (2021–2030): from knowledge to solutions and actions

‘It is planning, it is science, it is management, and it is a huge change of human relations with the ocean.’ As introduced by Dr Vladimir Ryabinin, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Executive Secretary and Assistant Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (the Decade, 2021–2030) got underway this January.To echo that, on 14 January 2021, a Special Forum on the Decade was held in hybrid mode as part of the Fifth Xiamen Symposium on Marine Environmental Science (XMAS-V) in Xiamen University, China. The Forum was organized to promote the Decade through insightful talks and in-depth discussions with international and regional representatives who have been actively involved in the planning of the Decade. In addition to Dr Ryabinin, Zhanhai Zhang, Chief Engineer of the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, gave an inspiring opening speech. What followed were presentations by invited speakers. They then joined a panel discussion chaired by Dr Minhan Dai from Xiamen University. This article is edited and re-organized from the record of this Special Forum.Open in a separate windowPanellists. First row from left to right: Brandon Justin Bethel (PhD Student of Marine Meteorology at Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China), Fei Chai (Professor at University of Maine, USA), Karen Evans (Principal Research Scientist of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Australia), and Fangli Qiao (Senior Scientist at the First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China). Second row from left to right: Martin Visbeck (Professor and Head of Research Unit, Physical Oceanography at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany), Wenxi Zhu (Head and Programme Specialist of IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific (WESTPAC)), and Minhan Dai (Chair, Professor and Director of the State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, China)     

Lessons from multi-agency information management projects: Case of the Online Business Licensing Service (OBLS) Project,Singapore

Multi-agency information management projects are becoming increasingly common. Yet, there is relatively limited research in this area, particularly in the context of electronic government (e-government). This paper fills this gap in the literature by examining a successful information management project called the Online Business Licensing Service (OBLS) that aims to streamline the various licenses (managed by different agencies) required to operate a business in Singapore. The findings suggest that multi-agency projects are inherently more complex than single agency projects. A set of lessons on managing such projects is presented and these lessons should prove useful to researchers and practitioners as multi-agency information management projects become increasingly more widespread.     

区域科技资源配置效率研究

本文在总结现有关于区域科技资源配置效率相关研究的基础上,提出了改进性方法,并重新计算和分析了区域科技资源配置效率,最后提出本文的结论以及区域科技效率分析中有待进一步探讨的问题。     

Focus: between and beyond "histories of science" and "histories of medicine". Introduction

Historians tend to treat science and medicine as having developed in parallel, and we maintain separate societies and journals, often giving primacy to science, at least for intellectual history. Yet much of "science" before circa 1800 was dependent on the organizations of medicine, and much of science now is promoted for the improvement of medical diagnoses and therapies. This Focus section unpicks some of the historical and historiographical relationships, recognizing the present prominence of biomedicine and the diminishing utility of distinctions between science, medicine, and technology.     

A socio-cognitive framework for designing interactive IR systems: Lessons from the Neanderthals

The article analyzes user–IR system interaction from the broad, socio-cognitive perspective of lessons we can learn about human brain evolution when we compare the Neanderthal brain to the human brain before and after a small human brain mutation is hypothesized to have occurred 35,000–75,000 years ago. The enhanced working memory mutation enabled modern humans (i) to decode unfamiliar environmental stimuli with greater focusing power on adaptive solutions to environmental changes and problems, and (ii) to encode environmental stimuli in more efficient, generative knowledge structures. A sociological theory of these evolving, more efficient encoding knowledge structures is given. These new knowledge structures instilled in humans not only the ability to adapt to and survive novelty and/or changing conditions in the environment, but they also instilled an imperative to do so. Present day IR systems ignore the encoding imperative in their design framework. To correct for this lacuna, we propose the evolutionary-based socio-cognitive framework model for designing interactive IR systems. A case study is given to illustrate the functioning of the model.     

Kierkegaard and the internet: Existential reflections on education and community

If the rhetorical and economic investment of educators, policy makersand the popular press in the United States is any indication, thenunbridled enthusiasm for the introduction of computer mediatedcommunication (CMC) into the educational process is wide-spread.In large part this enthusiasm is rooted in the hope that throughthe use of Internet-based CMC we may create an expanded communityof learners and educators not principally bounded by physicalgeography. The purpose of this paper is to reflect critically uponwhether students and teachers are truly linked together as a``community' through the use of Internet-based CMC. The paper usesthe writings of Kierkegaard, and Hubert Dreyfus's exploration ofKierkegaardian ideas, to look more closely at the prospects andproblems embedded in the use of Internet-based CMC to create ``distributed communities' of teachers and learners. It is arguedthat from Kierkegaard's perspective, technologically mediatedcommunications run a serious risk of attenuating interpersonalconnectivity. Insofar as interpersonal connectivity is an integralcomponent of education, such attenuation bodes ill for some, andperhaps many instances of Internet-based CMC.     

从三元参与者与大学科技园的互动博弈看大学科技园的发展

本文从大学、政府及企业与大学科技园互动博弈的角度分析了大学科技园的发展。大学科技园的发展必须是在与大学、政府和企业博弈的条件下才能更理性地进行,而从这一博弈过程来研究大学科技园的功能就更加具有意义。     

理工科大学生科研创新能力“立体”培养模式研究

文章根据创造力三元模型理论,提出创新情感培养、创新思维拓展和创新实战训练的创新能力"立体"培养的新模式,并通过竞赛和参加教师科研项目等实践环节锻炼学生的创新思维,有效提升大学生的创新能力,为培养具有良好综合素质的创新人才建立可行机制。