A Lakatosian Framework to Analyze Situations of Cognitive Conflict and Controversy in Students' Understanding of Heat Energy and Temperature

The objective of this study is to analyze secondary school students' interactions (conflicts, controversies, and arguments) as they participate in an intact classroom activity designed to facilitate their understanding of heat energy and temperature. The study is based on 32 ninth-grade students in a public school in Londrina, Brazil. Results obtained show that the differentiation between heat energy and temperature constitutes considerable difficulties for the students, and can be considered as part of the hard-core of their understanding (Lakatos, 1970, Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 91–196). Student interactions (video taped) were classified into an Alternative Model, Transitional Model, and Scientific Model, depending on the degree to which they reflected a progressive transition in their hard-core. Students generally resisted a change in their conceptual understanding. Some students were able to question the hard-core of their beliefs and construct a Transitory Model. Some students experienced a further progressive transition by constructing a Scientific Model, based on the understanding that Temperature only measures the energy of agitation. Methodology used also provided a glimpse of how a particular student grappled with the conflicts in order to facilitate progressive transition in understanding. It is concluded that given the opportunity to discuss, reflect, consider alternative/conflicting situations, students can construct models that increase progressively in their heuristic/explanatory power.     

问题与改进:小学教师对学生发展核心素养的理解与实施

为了解目前我国小学教师对《中国学生发展核心素养》的熟知程度,以及核心素养在课堂教学中的落实情况,对江苏省186名小学教师展开问卷调查,从小学教师对学生发展核心素养"知情意行"四个方面进行实证研究。调查发现:小学教师对核心素养有一定的认知,但对其精神实质的了解还不够深入;教师对《中国学生发展核心素养》持完全认可的态度,但在实施过程中面对诸多困难;小学教师缺乏对教师自身核心素养的准确界定。因此,为确保学生发展核心素养得到有效落实,需要加强培训,提高教师对核心素养的认知;进行配套制度改革,创设教师开展核心素养教学的支持环境;明确学生发展核心素养相关指标体系,为教师教学提供可供操作的参考;培育一支有助于学生核心素养养成的师资队伍。     

Gases as Idealized Lattices: A Rational Reconstruction of Students' Understanding of the Behavior of Gases

The main objective of this study is to establish a relationship between students' understanding of gases and its parallels in the history of science (rational reconstruction). Fifty-nine freshman students were asked to respond to a gas problem that did not require any calculations but rather conceptual understanding (due to molecular collisions, gases occupy all the available space). Before responding to the problem students were exposed to an elementary version of the kinetic theory of gases. Results obtained showed that a large proportion of the students gave explanations that approximate quite closely to an idealized form of the Lattice Theory of Gases. This theory considered molecules in gases to be arranged in the form of regular lattices, rather as if gases were highly expanded solids, and was held by most chemists until about 1860. It is concluded that some of the students' alternative conceptions about gas behavior (attractive forces between gas molecules increase as the temperature decreases) are resistant to change and recapitulate theories scientists held in the past.     

Primary Teachers' and Students' Understanding of School Situated Design in Canada and England

Research in Science Education - How do teachers in primary schools translate curriculum requirements for teaching design, within technology frameworks, in their primary classrooms? We call...     

A Reconstruction of Structure of the Atom and Its Implications for General Physics Textbooks: A History and Philosophy of Science Perspective

Recent research in science education has recognized the importance of history and philosophy of science. The objective of this study is to evaluate the presentation of the Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr models of the atom in general physics textbooks based on criteria derived from history and philosophy of science. Forty-one general physics textbooks (all published in the United States) were evaluated on two criteria based on Thomson's work, three on Rutherford's work, and three on Bohr's work. Results obtained show that general physics textbooks do not systematically include a history and philosophy of science perspective. Most textbooks present an inductivist perspective in which experimental details are considered to be paramount. On the contrary, a historical reconstruction of the experimental details inevitably includes: the context in which an experiment is conducted, the theoretical framework that guides the scientist, and alternative interpretations of data that lead to conflicts and controversies. Examples are provided to show how historical reconstructions of atomic models can provide students an opportunity to appreciate how scientists work and science progresses. It is plausible to suggest that textbook presentations based on a history and philosophy of science perspective can perhaps arouse students' interest in the subject and hence lead to greater conceptual understanding.     

教师变量对学生数学成绩影响的研究

本文以TIMSS2015数据为依据,运用多层线性模型,探讨教师变量对学生数学成绩的影响。教师变量包括教师特征变量、教师教学变量和教师专业发展变量。其中教师特征变量有教龄、性别、学历、数学专业、数学教育专业;教师教学变量有教学期望、教学合作、教学热情、课堂讨论、多媒体使用、对作业的重视、对考试的重视;教师专业发展变量有数学知识培训、数学教育培训、数学课程培训。多层线性分析发现:在教师特征变量中,教师的教龄、性别、学历、数学专业对学生数学成绩有显著作用;在教师教学变量中,教师的教学期望、教学热情、课堂讨论、多媒体使用对学生数学成绩有显著影响;在教师专业发展变量中,参加数学知识培训和数学教育培训对学生数学成绩有显著正向影响。     

大学教师对于教学与科研关系的认识和处理调查研究

本研究通过对国内五所有代表性的高校691名教师的问卷调查,探讨了大学教师对教学与科研关系的认识、处理及影响因素等问题。结果表明:教师持有建构主义的教学观和客观主义的科研观;教学与科研在多个维度上存有性质上的差异;教师普遍认为教学与科研呈正相关,但教学对科研的促进作用小于科研对教学的促进作用;影响教学与科研关系的主要因素是学校与院系的政策与制度,而目前这种组织制度迫使教师不得不改变自身的信念,认可教学与科研的分离。     

教师教育专业教育实习模式反思与重构

教育课程改革的关键在于教育实习模式应充分考虑到影响我国教师专业化发展的现实问题,如教育类课程所占比例少、实习时间过短、缺乏稳定的教学实践基地与技艺一流的指导教师团队、缺乏系统科学的评价体系等,借鉴国外教师教育模式经验,从教师教育专业建设的高度重新构建其课程体系,建构新型教育实习模式,增加实践教学比例,实施全程教育实习管理与评价,改善教育实习条件等。     

试论大学英语多媒体课件分类：教师版与学生版

将多媒体课件分为教师版和学生版,不仅为学生进入自主学习模式打下了基础,也帮助教师解决了诸多教学实践中的问题。从制作上来说,教师版和学生版课件内容不尽相同,形式各有千秋。为了轻松制作质量上乘的分类课件,可采取集体合作的方式。     

Embracing the Complexity of Instruction: A Study of the Effects of Teachers' Instruction on Students' Reading Comprehension

The purpose of this study was to determine whether third-grade teachers' instructional actions during reading comprehension lessons contributed to their students' reading comprehension achievement. Our framework focused on teachers' emphasis on three dimensions of instruction (pedagogical structure, teacher-directed instruction, and support for student learning), as observed in comprehension lessons across a year. Third-grade teachers' instruction was analyzed first by measuring their latent propensity to engage in instructional actions in the three dimensions and then by using these latent variables in a multilevel model to examine their students' gains in reading comprehension. Results provided support for the theoretical dimensions, taking into account contextual variables including lesson, student, and teacher characteristics; teachers' engagement in teacher-directed instruction and their support for student learning significantly contributed to their students' reading comprehension. Results suggest that analysis of teachers' instructional actions within and across lessons is a promising approach for the study of effective reading instruction.     

Understanding children and ourselves: Teachers' reflections on social development in the classroom

Teachers' reflections are presented on the changes occurring while fostering children's social competence and skills in an intervention program. Classroom discussion on interpersonal relationships and conflict resolution was emphasized as a constructive teaching strategy in promoting children's social growth. The curriculum themes focused on friendship, the school community, and the family. The focus is on how the teachers perceived changes in their knowledge of students' social growth and their own teaching skills and attitudes towards working on sociomoral issues in the classroom. In addition, their reflections on changes in the students' social interactions and sense of classroom community are included.     

高校教师教学风格对大学生学习积极性影响的调查

目的:探究教师教学风格对学生学习积极性的影响及影响程度,促进教师和学生的双向发展,为高校教学提供参考。方法:采用问卷法,运用分层抽样法根据不同的专业、年级及性别等基本特征选取遵义医学院在校大学生1000名,简单随机抽取教师60名。结果:教师教学风格在学生性别、年级、专业差异上均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(1)大部分学生认为教师教学风格对学生学习积极性影响大,且认为教师教学风格是重要的;(2)在对待教师教学风格的态度上,男生和女生表现出差异;(3)教师教学风格在不同年级产生不同的影响;(4)不同专业教师教学风格产生不同的影响。结论:教师教学风格在一定程度上对学生学习积极性有影响。     

Gifted Israeli Students' Perceptions of Teachers' Desired Characteristics: A Case of Cultural Orientation

Gifted students' perceptions of the desired characteristics of teachers of the gifted were assessed from a sample comprised of 404 elementary- and junior high–school Israeli Jewish and Arab students studying in pullout centers. Perceptions were measured using a questionnaire comprising teachers' cognitive, personal, and pedagogical dimensions. Personal characteristics were perceived by both Jewish and Arab students as the most important. Significant effects of culture, gender, and grade level were detected for all three dimensions. We suggest that differences stem from collectivist/individualist cultural orientations and girls' status aspirations. Thus, students' perceptions of teachers' desired characteristics have to be discussed in relation to their cultural background and schooling. A new lens for examining teaching of gifted students is offered, along with practical implications for teacher-certification programs.     

型塑大学治理结构:一种法权结构的重建

大学作为管理者与被管理者组成的法权组织,是一个由多元法权主体组成的共同体。大学治理的实质就是大学各个利益相关群体之间的法权配置,主体间的法权配置模式即为大学的治理结构。大学治理结构的型塑应从大学法权配置入手,重建大学法权结构,将互侵式法权结构转变互动式法权结构。具体路径包括重构大学的外部法权结构、优化大学的内部法权结构。     

Preservice Primary Teachers' Understanding of the Concept of Altitude of a Triangle

The way teachers understand mathematics strongly influences their teaching and what their pupils learn. Using Vinner's model of acquisition of mathematical concepts with its distinction of concept image and concept definition as a framework, we analyze concept images, difficulties, and errors related to the concept of altitude of a triangle exhibited by 190 preservice primary teachers in a written test. We describe the influence of two variables on the preservice teachers' performances: (a) the presence of a formal definition and (b) previous classroom activities that dealt with the concept of altitude. We categorize and analyze some common errors and identify the concept images that may lead to those errors. Finally, we present some implications of our results for teacher education. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

教师角色观的文化审视与重构

教师的角色观是在一定的文化中形成,并受这种文化影响的。在传统文化视野中,教师角色具有“天地君亲师”的传统社会地位、传承文明的历史使命、“学而优则仕”的社会普遍心态、“棍棒成才”的教学信念、“重义轻利”的价值取向等文化内涵。当前新课程改革背景下,教师角色也要进行现代转换与思考。     

高校教师对学生评教结果使用的实证研究

学生评教是学生对教师教学效果的评价,是学生对教师的教育活动满足自己需要的程度做出的判断.学生评教的目的分为形成性评价与总结性评价.研究发现,形成性评价是学生评教的根本目的.高校在使用学生评教结果时首先要做好政策引导和制度保障工作;在具体的使用过程中要遵循科学原则、人本原则和教师发展原则,以充分发挥学生评教的形成性评价的作用.     

A Lakatosian Conceptual Change Teaching Strategy Based on Student Ability to Build Models with Varying Degrees of Conceptual Understanding of Chemical Equilibrium

The main objective of this study is to construct a Lakatosian teaching strategy that can facilitate conceptual change in students' understanding of chemical equilibrium. The strategy is based on the premise that cognitive conflicts must have been engendered by the students themselves in trying to cope with different problem solving strategies. Results obtained (based on Venezuelan freshman students) show that the performance of the experimental group of students was generally better (especially on the immediate posttests) than that of the control group. It is concluded that a conceptual change teaching strategy must take into consideration the following aspects: a) core beliefs of the students in the topic (cf. 'hard core', Lakatos 1970); b) exploration of the relationship between core beliefs and student alternative conceptions (misconceptions); c) cognitive complexity of the core belief can be broken down into a series of related and probing questions; d) students resist changes in their core beliefs by postulating 'auxiliary hypotheses' in order to resolve their contradictions; e) students' responses based on their alternative conceptions must be considered not as wrong, but rather as models, perhaps in the same sense as used by scientists to break the complexity of a problem; and f) students' misconceptions be considered as alternative conceptions (theories) that compete with the present scientific theories and at times recapitulate theories scientists held in the past.