Alignment of Mathematics State-Level Standards and Assessments: The Role of Reviewer Agreement

This article examines the role of reviewer agreement in judgments about alignment between tests and standards. We used case data from three state alignment studies to explore how different approaches to incorporating reviewer agreement changes alignment conclusions. The three case studies showed varying degrees of reviewer agreement about correspondences between objectives and test items. Moreover, taking into account reviewer agreement in the analyses sometimes had a marked effect on alignment conclusions. We discuss reasons for differences across case studies and alignment approaches, as well as implications for future alignment efforts.     

大学英语写作评分方法对评分者严厉程度的影响——整体评分法和分析评分法的对比分析

评分标准在写作测试中非常重要,使用不同的评分方法会影响评卷者的评分行为。研究显示,虽然整体法和分析法两种英语写作评分方法都可靠,但是在两种评分中,评卷者的严厉程度以及考生的写作成绩发生很大变化。总体上,整体法评分中,评卷者的严厉程度趋于一致,接近理想值;分析法评分中,考生的写作成绩更高,同时评卷者的严厉程度也存在显著差异。因而,在决定考生前途命运的重大考试中,整体评分法更受推崇。     

教育评价改革的价值选择路径探寻

教育评价改革的关键是评价标准的制定,而评价标准的价值取向源于价值观念。价值观念之间的分歧影响着人们对评价标准的看法,因此,在制定评价标准的问题上需要达成价值一致。从教育评价的实践来看,达成价值一致存在三种基本的价值选择路径,即强制性的价值选择、竞争性的价值选择和协商性的价值选择。对三种价值选择路径的运用需要注意:在思维方式上实现从"方法中心"到"问题中心"的转变;在评价跨度上实现从"阶段评价"到"终身评价"的转变;在价值追求上实现从"同而不和"到"和而不同"的转变。     

发展性评价视域下的应用写作教学

为了提高当代大学生的应用写作能力,高校普遍开设应用写作课程,但是受传统教学理念和教学评价的影响,教学效果并不理想。在应用写作教学中,应引入发展性评价的新视角,力求做到以学生为中心,注重学生的全面发展,教学过程情境化,教学评价多元化。     

头脑风暴训练对外语写作能力培养的功效研究

结合大学英语写作教学现状和过程写作教学法的写前构思阶段,采用定性和定量研究方法,设计头脑风暴写作训练课并在福建某高校开展实证研究,以探讨该教学策略对我国学生外语写作能力发展产生的功效及学生对这一策略的态度和看法。结果显示:头脑风暴写作训练能有效地提高学生写作构建能力和写作水平,学生对该教学活动有较高的认同度。该研究对中国大学英语写作教学具有一定的借鉴意义。     

小学生习作语言核心素养测评与提升

抽样测评江苏省C市市区、农村共4所小学1200名学生习作语言建构与运用核心素养状况,结果表明:语言建构与运用素养是小学生习作核心素养的重要基础;小学生语言运用能力整体发展不足;小学男女生在"习惯""数量""建构"三个维度上存在显著性差异,但在"运用"维度上并没有显示差异;城市学生在积累数量与语言运用上优势明显,其语言建构与运用素养普遍高于农村学生,城乡之间差异明显;小学中高段学生在语言建构与运用素养上的差异不明显,但高段学生在语言运用能力上停滞不前。为此,当前的习作教学要加强学生语言运用能力的培养,将读写结合落到实处;正确看待男生语言素养的不足,加强小学男生语言核心素养的全面培养;重视农村学生语言核心素养的养成,对症下药,提"优"补"差";厘清不同学段学生语言核心素养培养的重点,重视小学高段学生语言运用能力的提升。     

应用写作教学体系的探索与实践

要改变应用写作课教学在低谷中徘徊的局面,除在课堂上科学灵活地应用比较教学法、情景教学法、事例教学法外,还要把学生的课堂所学与现实生活及浓郁的传统文化结合起来,既要注重教学的整体性开放性,又要注重学生学习的自主性和实践性,从而科学地构建提升学生写作素质的新体系。     

写作策略：写作水平提高的促进性因素

文章是关于英语专业一年级学生写作策略的实证研究,通过写作策略培训和问卷调查发现,学生能有意识地使用写作策略。经过写作策略培训,学生运用写作策略的频率明显比培训前高,运用写作策略的意识得到了加强。同时,数据证明写作策略培训能促进学生英语写作水平的提高。据此．提出了英语写作策略的培训方法。     

英语教学以写为突破口的设想

通过课堂实践表明,英语课上的“写”对于“说”的能力,尤其是语言连贯性的提高能起到积极的作用。过程写作法比较适合我国国情,将它引入英语教学中,是促进学生的交际能力全面提高的有效、可行的教学实践。     

运用文体学理论指导英语写作教学

在英语教学中,书面表达是重中之重。然而,英语写作教学还没有形成一个系统的教学模式,这使得学生在写作方面存在一定的缺陷。该文结合教学实践,从词汇、句法、语篇三个层面阐释文体学理论对英语写作教学的指导作用。     

“Digging for Gold” or “Sticking to the Criteria”: Teachers’ Rationales When Serving as Professional Raters

ABSTRACT

This paper reports findings from a project called “The National Panel of Raters” (NPR) that took place within a writing test programme in Norway (2010–2016). A recent research project found individual differences between the raters in the NPR. This paper reports results from an explorative follow up-study where 63 NPR members were surveyed with 23 items that were dilemma-like in the sense that deviating from the NPR rules would follow another—but socially acceptable—rationale. Four NPR members participated in a follow-up interview in which they motivated why they had agreed or disagreed with certain items. The results indicate two distinctly different stances toward rating work, with one stance threatening the validity of the scoring process.     

An Investigation of Rater Cognition in the Assessment of Projects

In the United Kingdom, the majority of national assessments involve human raters. The processes by which raters determine the scores to award are central to the assessment process and affect the extent to which valid inferences can be made from assessment outcomes. Thus, understanding rater cognition has become a growing area of research in the United Kingdom. This study investigated rater cognition in the context of the assessment of school‐based project work for high‐stakes purposes. Thirteen teachers across three subjects were asked to “think aloud” whilst scoring example projects. Teachers also completed an internal standardization exercise. Nine professional raters across the same three subjects standardized a set of project scores whilst thinking aloud. The behaviors and features attended to were coded. The data provided insights into aspects of rater cognition such as reading strategies, emotional and social influences, evaluations of features of student work (which aligned with scoring criteria), and how overall judgments are reached. The findings can be related to existing theories of judgment. Based on the evidence collected, the cognition of teacher raters did not appear to be substantially different from that of professional raters.     

SMART原则下的高中英语写作教学与评价

SMART黄金原则是由Specific(具体的)、Measurable(可衡量的)、Achievable(可实现)、Realistic(可行的)和Time-based and efficiency-oriented(即时有效的)首字母缩写而成。采用该原则检视《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》的写作内容标准和写作教学与评价建议后,作者建议修订《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》时要遵循上述原则,进一步制定明确的写作内容标准细则,开发或研制可衡量的英语写作评价工具,设计可实现的操作性强的英语写作任务,构建主体多元和形式多样的英语写作评价体系,指导教师如何进行即时有效的写作评价信息反馈。     

基于网络学堂的大学英语写作教学实证研究

该项研究采用定量分析、问卷调查和师生访谈的方法,通过网络技术在大学英语写作教学中的应用,探析基于网络学堂的英语写作教学对非英语专业学生写作能力发展的影响。研究结果表明,基于网络学堂的英语写作教学显著地促进学生写作能力的发展,具体表现在其写作水平、写作流畅性、写作准确性的提高和写作中的词汇丰富性的增长。     

高职院校英语专业学生英语语法能力与写作能力的相关研究

本文采用定量分析方法,对高职院校英语专业学生的语法能力与写作能力做了相关研究。统计分析表明:语法水平不同的学生在写作上表现出显著的差异。语法能力越强的学生,其写作水平越高,同时语法成绩可以较好地预测写作成绩。研究结果对高职院校英语语法教学的开展具有一定的指导意义。     

自建语料库在大学英语写作教学中的应用价值

大学英语写作教学是一个重要却比较薄弱的环节,可通过自建语料库辅助教学来强化。引导学生自建小型英语写作语料库,在教学中充分使用语料库资源,能够增强学生的文体意识,锻炼材料搜集能力,提高词法、句法和篇章层面的写作输出能力,培养习作修改的主动性,全面提高他们的英语写作水平。     

A Critical Review of Some Qualitative Research Methods Used to Explore Rater Cognition

Internationally, many assessment systems rely predominantly on human raters to score examinations. Arguably, this facilitates the assessment of multiple sophisticated educational constructs, strengthening assessment validity. It can introduce subjectivity into the scoring process, however, engendering threats to accuracy. The present objectives are to examine some key qualitative data collection methods used internationally to research this potential trade‐off, and to consider some theoretical contexts within which the methods are usable. Self‐report methods such as Kelly's Repertory Grid, think aloud, stimulated recall, and the NASA task load index have yielded important insights into the competencies needed for scoring expertise, as well as the sequences of mental activity that scoring typically involves. Examples of new data and of recent studies are used to illustrate these methods’ strengths and weaknesses. This investigation has significance for assessment designers, developers and administrators. It may inform decisions on the methods’ applicability in American and other rater cognition research contexts.