国外学校心理学的发展及其对我国特殊教育的启示

本文首先回顾了学校心理学在欧美国家的发展历史,介绍了当前学校心理学在其他发达国家的发展现状及其特点。然后文章简单讨论了学校心理学在我国发展的条件和现状。在我国,学校心理学刚刚进入她的萌芽期,队伍的完善和职业规范也有待于长期的发展和建设。我国特殊教育的现状决定了特殊教育教师还将是特殊教育体系中服务于特殊儿童少年的孤独的主力军。在心理健康服务有待于提高的现状下,笔者对我国特殊教育的未来发展也提出一些参考性的建议。     

中国特殊教育发展面临的六大转变

中国特殊教育纵向比较确实取得了令人瞩目的成就,不仅接受义务教育的残疾儿童数量显著增加,残疾学生学前教育、高中教育、高等教育、职业教育等也都取得了很大的发展。但面对日益发展的中国经济、日益提升的中国国际地位、国际特殊教育发展的新趋势和国内残疾人日益多样化的特殊需求,中国特殊教育要想健康发展,须完成六大转变：（1）在政策层面由特殊教育条例向特殊教育法律法规的转变;（2）特殊教育由三类残疾儿童教育向特殊需要儿童教育的转变;（3）特殊教育投入由单纯重视硬件投入向满足残疾儿童需要的转变;（4）教育形式由特殊学校教育逐渐向随班就读学校教育的转变;（5）学校教育建设重心由东部发达地区向中西部地区的转变;（6）师资培训方式由单一的特殊高校师资培养向普通大学开设特教专业培养方式的转变。     

Primary school curriculum for educable mentally retarded children： A Turkish case

Educable mental retardation is a delay in acquiring basic reading, writing and counting skills emerging through late speaking and linguistic development along with social, emotional or behavioral problems. It is pointed out that such children have intelligence in the 45-74 range, and that they are incompetent in terms of language skills, perception power, memory capacity, imagination and creativeness. Primary school curriculum for educable mentally retarded children was adopted so as to implement beginning in 2001-2002 academic year. The curriculum was designed so as to apply in primary education schools where educable mentally retarded children attend or in private classes included in the body of primary education schools. It was designed in order for such children to improve their skills of understanding themselves, establishing positive social relations, adjusting to the social, technological and physical environment, and surviving independently. This current study is based on a qualitative method, and is focused on educable mentally retarded children who are at primary school age in Turkey. Having described the characteristics of such children, their needs are explained, the curriculum developed for such children is described, and teachers＇ views concerning the implementation of the curriculum are presented in this research.     

普通小学教师对特殊儿童接纳态度的研究

本文通过问卷就普通小学教师对特殊儿童的接纳态度进行了研究。上海市 3 68名被试参加了本调查 ,有效被试为 3 57人。研究结果表明 ,普通小学教师对特殊儿童的接纳态度受多方面因素的影响 ,其中小班制及有效的培训是极其重要的方面。因此 ,在进行随班就读工作时必须综合考虑这些因素。     

河北省特教学校学前教育发展状况的调查报告

本文通过对河北省特教学校开展学前教育现状的调查,发现在对残疾儿童学前教育的认识、评估、师资等方面存在着问题,这些问题影响了残疾儿童学前教育的进一步发展,通过对这些问题的分析,最终为特教学校和有关部门提出了解决问题的可操作性的建议和对策。     

培智教育学校办学情况调查与建议

培智教育是我国特殊教育的重要组成部分。通过调查显示,目前我国培智教育学校办学形式多样但规模较小,招生出现多种类型残疾学生同在一所学校的情况。培智教育学校的办学困难既有办学条件方面的也有家庭经济状况的因素。发展培智学校教育有利于教育体制与体系的现代化,因此,应对培智教育学校性质进行界定,进一步完善我国的相关法规和政策;加强对培智教育学校的支持、管理与督导,提高培智教育的规模效益,提高教育管理者依法治教的意识及对培智教育的认识;重视对培智学校义务教育新课程的研究,加强对培智教育本质问题的探讨,以逐步构建培智教育的理论,推动我国特殊教育事业的发展。     

随班就读儿童校园欺凌原因及对策分析

随着融合教育的不断推进,越来越多的特殊学生能够进入普通学校学习,与正常学生有更多交流与互动学习的机会。但是特殊学生在交往过程中难免面临层层挑战,校园欺凌则是其中最为严重的问题之一。通过梳理分析国内外特殊儿童欺凌的相关研究,为改善我国随班就读特殊儿童的欺凌现状提出建议。     

小学三年级儿童英语语音规则内隐学习和外显学习的实验研究

第二语言的内隐学习是内隐学习在应用方面的前沿课题。为探讨小学儿童英语语音规则的内隐学习和外显学习规律,本研究选取北京市某小学三年级学生共94名,男女各半,进行了两个实验。实验分为学习、练习和测试三个阶段,实验一操纵了视听通道变量与内隐学习和外显学习变量的组合,实验二操纵内隐学习和外显学习变量在学习阶段和练习阶段的不同顺序的组合,得出以下结论：（1）儿童在英语语音规则的学习中,通道效应显著,通过视觉通道获得的成绩显著好于通过听觉通道获得的成绩;（2）对于单词测试和完形测试而言,内隐和外显的学习效应并不显著,内隐和外显学习不同的组合顺序效应也不显著;但就这两种测试正确率的平均值而言,内隐学习的正确率最高,而且这种内隐学习的方式是先内隐学习,随后进行外显练习;（3）对于规则测试而言,不仅受内隐和外显学习的影响,而且也受内隐和外显组合顺序的影响,表现为内隐学习和外显练习、外显学习与外显练习相结合的方式最好,外显学习与内隐练习结合的方式居中,内隐学习与内隐练习结合的方式最差。     

河北省市直属特殊学校学前教育状况调查及思考

市直属特教学校作为区域内特殊教育中心 ,担负着指导下级特教学校的教育教学工作 ,代表该地区特殊教育发展的最高水平及今后的发展方向。调查发现 :各学校的学前特殊教育发展水平不一 ,师资力量较弱、专业不均衡等 ,有待于改进。     

Utility of the International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health (ICF) for educational psychologists’ work

Despite embracing a bio-psycho-social perspective, the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) assessment framework has had limited application to date with children who have special educational needs (SEN). This study examines its utility for educational psychologists’ work with children who have Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Mothers of 40 children with ASD aged eight to 12 years were interviewed using a structured protocol based on the ICF framework. The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorder (DISCO) was completed with a subset of 19 mothers. Internal consistency and inter-rater reliability of the interview assessments were found to be acceptable and there was evidence for concurrent and discriminant validity. Despite some limitations, initial support for the utility of the ICF model suggests its potential value across educational, health and care fields. Further consideration of its relevance to educational psychologists in new areas of multi-agency working is warranted.     

Teachers’ experience with inclusive education in Singapore

Teachers’ positive attitude is most critically and consistently associated with successful inclusion. However, little is known about teachers’ first-hand encounters with inclusive education in Singapore. We present findings from a qualitative study on inclusion based on focus group interviews with 202 teachers from 41 resourced primary schools. The data were transcribed and coded using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis and NVIVO software. Two broad clusters identified were teachers’ positive and negative experiences in implementing inclusion. More reference was made to negative than positive experiences. The most dominant negative experience was stress from challenging behaviours and instructional difficulties of catering adequately for diverse needs in the same classroom. The most salient positive experience was satisfaction with pupils’ progress and new learning for teachers. Classroom practices that facilitated inclusion and the value of training in shaping teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion were highlighted.     

青岛市中小学心理健康教育现状的反思及展望

青岛市心理健康教育起步较晚,反思几年来的实践,我们认为既要总结经验教训,更应该理清今后发展的思路,重新构建一个较为完整的中小学心理健康教育体系。     

融合教育背景下特殊需要幼儿发展评估的特点及趋势——基于美国加利福尼亚州预期发展结果档案的分析

随着特殊教育政策重点转移以及融合教育的发展,特殊需要幼儿评估逐渐由诊断性评估转向发展性评估。在这一背景下形成的美国加利福尼亚州幼儿发展评估工具以进程监控为目的,通过多元动态的方式评估特殊需要幼儿关键领域能力的发展。在评估目的、内容、方式和人员方面各具特点,体现出融合教育背景下特殊需要幼儿发展评估的趋势:监控特殊需要幼儿的进步与发展;多元动态评估方式;评估与教育(干预)实践相结合。     

农村小学社团建设的实践研究——以象山县西周镇中心小学为例

学生社团是学生在自愿基础上自由结成的一个共同兴趣爱好的团体,学生社团活动是促进学生个性发展和推进学校素质教育的重要途径。象山县西周镇中心小学以学生为主体,配合教师专长、从学生学习兴趣入手,在学生社团建设实践中取得了可喜的成效。