纳米TiO2经呼吸道暴露的毒性研究进展

随着纳米TiO2的大量生产和广泛应用,其将不可避免地进入环境和生命体中,对人类健康造成危害．由于纳米颗粒属于超细颗粒,更容易长期漂浮于空气,因此呼吸道是纳米颗粒进人人体的重要途径．系统总结纳米TiO2颗粒经呼吸道暴露的毒性研究现状,为综合评价纳米TiO2的呼吸毒性提供基础．     

DNA芯片技术及其应用

DNA芯片技术是近年发展起来的DNA分析技术，它采用高速打印或光刻合成技术可在硅片、玻璃或尼龙膜上制造DNA微阵列，样品DNA通过PCR扩增、体外转录等技术掺入荧光标记分子，与微阵列杂交后，通过荧光扫描仪扫描及计算机分析即可获得样品中大量基因序列及表达信息，该技术可应用于DNA序列测定、基因表达水平检测、基因及多态性检测、发现新基因等多个研究领域。     

DNA芯片技术及其应用

DNA芯片技术是近年发展起来的DNA分析技术，它采用高速打印或光刻合成技术可在硅片、玻璃或尼龙膜上制造DNA微阵列.样品DNA通过PCR扩增、体外转录等技术掺入荧光标记分子，与微阵列杂交后，通过荧光扫描仪扫描及计算机分析即可获得样品中大量基因序列及表达信息.该技术可应用于DNA序列测定、基因表达水平检测、基因及多态性检测、发现新基因等多个研究领域.     

DNA分子标记技术及其原理

综述几种DNA分子标记技术：RFLP是用限制性内切酶切割不同个体基因组DNA后，含同源序列的醇切片段在长度上的差异，可靠性较高、但操作烦琐，信息含量低；染色体原位杂交是利用特异性核酸片段作探针，直接同染色体DNA片段杂交，在染色体上显示特异DNA，准确、直观，但技术非常复杂；PCR是模仿DNA在生物体内的自然复制过程来扩增DNA片段，安全性好，快速易行；RAPD是以人工合成的碱基顺序随机排列的寡核苷酸单链为引物，对所研究的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增，产生多态性的RAPD片段，可以检测多个基因位点，但不能识别杂合子位点；AFLP指纹技术是在RFLP与RAPD两种指纹技术基础上建立和发展起来的，有较高的稳定性，但对基因组纯度和反应条件要求较高；DNA芯片技术是一种以杂交测序基本理论为基础的新型生物技术，用于测序、基因表达、疾病诊断等，但造价、探针的密度与纯度还有待完善；小卫星DNA一般与RFLP技术结合以获得小卫星DNA指纹图谱，信息含量高，但它在染色体上分布不均匀；微卫星DNA既可用作探针获得指纹图谱，也可通过PCR方法进行微卫星位点多态性分析，但工作量大；ISSR即内部简单重复序列，也是一种新兴的分子标记技术，具有很好的稳定性和多态性。     

DNA条形码技术在牛肉及其制品鉴别中的应用

利用DNA条形码技术鉴别市场上出售的牛肉及其制品的原料来源,用以判定制品是否为牛肉制品。分别提取牛肉、牛肉丸及牛肉粒三种样品的基因组DNA,以牛肉线粒体细胞色素氧化酶COⅠ基因设计引物进行PCR扩增,将PCR产物进行凝胶电泳分析,对三种样品PCR扩增条带进行分析,发现三种样品碱基数目相仿,可以推断为三种样品来源为同一物种,再结合引物特异性,可以推断三种样品均含有牛肉成分。     

中国桫椤科6种植物的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)的方法分析中国桫椤科 6种植物 :小羽桫椤(Cyatheatsangii)、粗齿桫椤 (Alsophiladenticulata)、黑桫椤 (Alsophilapodophylla)、白桫椤(Sphaeropterisbrunoniana)、海南白桫椤 (Sphaeropterisbrunoniana)、桫椤 (Alsophilaspinulosa)。经筛选 4 0个引物 ,发现 14个引物的带型清晰并呈多态性。采用UPGMA法对求出的遗传距离进行聚类分析 ,得到的结果显示 :所研究 6种植物明显地聚合为 3个类群 ,支持夏群的分类处理     

从金属纳米颗粒的理化性质以及生物吸收动力学角度探究金属纳米颗粒对水生生物的毒性

研究目的：研究金属纳米颗粒在进入水体后的一系列动力学过程对金属纳米颗粒的生物可利用性和毒性可能产生的影响。研究方法：针对在毒性测试中金属纳米颗粒的解析现象,选取三种常见的金属纳米颗粒（纳米氧化锌、纳米银和纳米二氧化钛）,总结了它们在毒性测试中的解析动力学、溶解性以及毒性。同时,综合水生生物对金属纳米颗粒以及离子的吸收动力学,利用动态模型进行模拟,阐述解离的离子在生物对金属纳米颗粒吸收中的贡献。重要结论：在评价金属纳米颗粒和解析离子对水生生物的生物利用度和毒性的测试过程中,需要综合考虑金属纳米颗粒的理化性质以及生物吸收动力学过程。     

SCAR分子标记监测菌群中的哈茨木霉

研究目的：开发具有种属特异性序列特征性扩增区域（SCAR）标记物来监测哈茨木霉在其入侵的试验菌群中的定殖和生长,为哈茨木霉应用于生物防治等生态和生物技术中提供支撑。 创新要点：多种木霉属真菌能与各种微观和宏观的生物有机体建立相互作用。利用这些相互作用,木霉可做为原生种群的入侵物种而用于生物防治。本文通过使用试验菌群为研究模型,利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术和序列特征性扩增区域（SCAR）标记物来监测菌群中哈茨木霉的生长状态。 研究方法：利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术,从16个10聚体引物进行多态性筛选,其中1个引物扩增出对应哈茨木霉的条带。对该条带进行克隆测序,并设计5个20-23聚体引物。成功利用引物对2F2／2R2和2F2／2R3278分别特异性地扩增出哈茨木霉BpTloa菌株278bp和448bp的DNA片段。同时,用这两个引物对14个哈茨木霉菌株和几种不同的真菌菌株进行特异性对照试验,也只成功扩增出哈茨木霉菌株。此外,使用真菌DNA混合物和试验真菌群的DNA为模板,采用实时聚合酶链式反应（PCR）对引物对2F2／2R2进行评估。当仅使用100份SCAR标记物或哈茨木霉仅占整个菌群的0．1％时,仍能检测出哈茨木霉。 重要结论：本研究所建立的SCAR分子标记能有效监测菌群中的哈茨木霉的定殖和生长,具有较高特异性、灵敏度和准确度。     

分子标记技术在棉花育种中的应用

文章阐述了限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)、随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)、分子原位杂交(ISH)等几种分子标记的原理以及在棉花育种研究中的应用，可用于建立品种的指纹档案，保护品种专利：对重要农艺形状进行早期鉴定，缩短育种时间；应用分子标记构建棉花的遗传图谱，提高育种工作的预见性。     

钛网表面TiO2纳米管阵列的制备及光催化性能研究型实验设计

采用阳极氧化法在钛网表面制备了TiO2纳米管阵列,研究氧化电压对TiO2纳米管形貌和光催化性能的影响.采用XRD、SEM对样品的物相和形貌进行表征,利用紫外-可见分光光度计、荧光光谱仪分析样品的光学性能,以罗丹明B作为降解对象研究样品的可见光催化活性.结果 表明,不同电压条件下制备的TiO2纳米管均为无定形态,电压为2...     

腐殖酸和牛血清蛋白对氧化物纳米颗粒团聚和沉降行为的影响

研究目的：比较牛血清蛋白和腐殖酸对Al2O3、SiO2和TiO2三种纳米颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响,并讨论其影响机制。创新要点：纳米颗粒团聚物直径的增大能引起其沉降速度的加快,但小的水动力学直径并不一定导致低的沉降速度,说明团聚直径不是决定纳米颗粒沉降的唯一因素。研究方法：通过透射电镜观察纳米颗粒团聚物的形态;采用动态光散射技术研究纳米颗粒的团聚动力学;最后通过测量悬浊液的光学吸收来研究纳米颗粒的沉降动力学。重要结论：牛血清蛋白处理降低了三种纳米颗粒在NaCl和CaCl2中的水动力学直径,原因是牛血清蛋白的球状结构能够引起颗粒间的空间位阻斥力。腐殖酸处理导致纳米颗粒的水动力学直径在NaCl中最小,而在CaCl2中最大（图4）,原因是腐殖酸能通过钙的配位作用彼此连接,从而促进了纳米颗粒的团聚。牛血清蛋白减缓了纳米颗粒的沉降;然而腐殖酸在CaCl2中明显加大了纳米颗粒的沉降速度（图5）,与其水动力学直径的增大一致。腐殖酸处理的纳米颗粒在NaCl中水动力学直径最小,但沉降速度却不是最低。     

环境中工程纳米二氧化钛颗粒的表征与测定

纳米二氧化钛已是防晒霜、化妆品和光催化剂等的常用成分。纳米二氧化钛的大量应用,已被证明具有潜在的环境负面影响与人体健康风险。如何分析环境中工程纳米二氧化钛的理化性质无疑是认识其潜在风险的关键课题。 研究方法：从工程纳米颗粒可用的表征与测定方法（如电镜显微方法、色谱与质谱技术等）的优缺点出发,结合稳定同位素与稀有元素示踪技术来探讨环境中工程纳米二氧化钛颗粒的分析方法。 重要结论：环境中工程纳米二氧化钛的表征与测定方法仍需深入的研究,其可靠性需要现有各种分析技术的相互验证、良好的样品预处理技术和参考物质、以及稳定同位素与稀有元素技术示踪的配合。     

纳米银对黄瓜和小麦的毒性效应研究

研究目的：研究纳米银对黄瓜和小麦的毒性及在植物中的转运和分布,探讨其毒性机制,为纳米银的环境风险评估提供科学依据。创新要点：1.选取单子叶和双子叶植物为对象,比较研究纳米银对其萌发阶段和生长阶段的毒性效应及其影响因素;2.多数研究中的纳米银均有表面修饰,本研究选择无表面修饰的纳米银材料,排除表面活性剂的干扰因素;3.以络合剂半胱氨酸掩蔽解离出的银离子,探讨纳米银颗粒对植物毒性的贡献。研究方法：通过植物根长（图2）和生物量（图3）分别评价萌发和生长阶段纳米银的植物毒性。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测定植物组织银元素的含量（图7）。通过组织切片,利用透射电镜（TEM）观察植物根中银的微观分布（图6）。通过在暴露介质中添加半胱氨酸掩蔽银离子来评价纳米银颗粒对植物毒性的贡献（图3和5）。重要结论：在较高暴露浓度情况下,纳米银和银离子对小麦和黄瓜都具有明显的毒性。但当纳米银浓度低于200 mg/L,银离子浓度低于5 mg/L时,两者均能促进黄瓜根系的生长。两种植物在营养生长阶段比萌发阶段对纳米银的毒性更敏感。纳米银暴露后,银首先积聚于植物的根,然后被转移到地上部。为评价纳米银释放的银离子的作用,我们测定了暴露后介质中银离子的浓度。在种子萌发阶段,黄瓜和小麦的暴露液中约0.03%和0.01%的纳米银溶解,而在营养生长阶段,溶解的纳米银达到0.17%和0.06%。半胱氨酸作为银离子的强络合剂,能够彻底消除纳米银对黄瓜和小麦的作用,说明纳米银的植物效应可能来自于其释放的银离子。     

Development of non-premixed porous inserted regenerative thermal oxidizer

In this study, a porous inserted regenerative thermal oxidizer （PRTO） system was developed for a 125 kW industrial copper-melting furnace, due to its advantages of low NOr emissions and high radiant efficiency. Zirconium dioxide （ZrOz） ce- ramic foams were placed into the combustion zone of a regenerative thermal oxidizer （RTO）. Different performance characteris- tics of the RTO and PRTO systems, including pressure drop, temperature distribution, emissions, and energy efficiency, were evaluated to study the effects of the porous inserts on non-premixed CH4 combustion. It was found that the PRTO system achieved a significant reduction in the NOx emission level and a fuel saving of approximately 30% compared to the RTO system. It is most suitable for a lean combustion process at an equivalence ratio 〈0.4 with NOx and CO emission levels within 0.002%~）.003% and 0.001%q3.002%, respectively.     

Predicting crest settlement in concrete face rockfill dams using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and gene expression programming intelligent methods

This paper deals with the estimation of crest settlement in a concrete face rockfill dam （CFRD）, utilizing intelligent methods. Following completion of dam construction, considerable movements of the crest and the body of the dam can develop during the first impoundment of the reservoir. Although there is vast experience worldwide in CFRD design and construction, few accurate experimental relationships are available to predict the settlement in CFRD. The goal is to advance the development of intelligent methods to estimate the subsidence of dams at the design stage. Due to dam zonifieation and uncertainties in material properties, these methods appear to be the appropriate choice. In this study, the crest settlement behavior of CFRDs is analyzed based on compiled data of 24 CFRDs constructed during recent years around the world, along with the utilization of gene ex- pression programming （GEP） and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system （ANFIS） methods. In addition, dam height （H）, shape factor （St）, and time （t, time after first operation） are also assessed, being considered major factors in predicting the settlement behavior. From the relationships proposed, the values ofR2 for both equations of GEP （with and without constant） were 0.9603 and 0.9734, and for the three approaches of ANFIS （grid partitioning （GP）, subtractive clustering method （SCM）, and fuzzy c-means clustering （FCM）） were 0.9693, 0.8657, and 0.8848, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the overall behavior evaluated by this approach is consistent with the measured data of other CFRDs.     

Characterization and photocatalytic activity of mixed nanocrystalline TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> powders prepared by xerogel-hydrothermal method in different acid solutions

TiO₂ nanoparticles(NPs)were prepared via the hydrothermal route of TiO₂ xerogel in nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and acetic acid. The physico-chemical properties of the powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and N₂ adsorption desorption techniques. The effects of the different acids on the structure(crystal phase)and texture(primary particle size and porosity)of the TiO₂ powders were explored. Results indicated that acetic acid facilitated the formation and stability of pure anatase phase. On the other hand, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid led to the transformation from anatase to rutile. The catalyst synthesized via the hydrothermal route of TiO₂ xerogel in the low concentration hydrochloric acid solution(Ti-HCl-0.15)had the highest photocatalytic activity than the catalysts obtained in the other two acid solutions. The effects of the different acids were discussed in terms of acid strength, chelating effect and the thermal stability of the adsorbed acidic anions.     

Effect of rich air/fuel ratio and temperature on NO x desorption of lean NO x trap

An experimental and model-based study of the effect of rich air/fuel ratios （AFRs） and temperature on the NOx slip of a lean NOx trap （LNT） was conducted in a lean-burn gasoline engine with an LNT after-treatment system. The emissions of the engine test bench and the inlet temperature of the LNT were used as the major inlet boundary conditions of the LNT. The engine periodically operated between a constant lean AFR of 23 with alterable rich AFRs of 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. A decrease in the rich AFR of the engine strengthened the desorption atmosphere in the LNT, an effect closely related to the number of reductants, and further heightened the NOx desorption of the LNT, but with a penalty in fuel consumption. To eliminate that penalty, the inlet boundary conditions of the LNT were varied by adjusting the inlet temperature within a range between 200 ℃ and 400℃. An increase in inlet temperature heightened the NOx desorption of the LNT, and a NOx breakthrough occurred after the inlet tem- perature exceeded 390 ℃. To control NOx breakthrough, the inlet temperature can be adjusted to offset the strong desorption atmosphere in the LNT commonly created by a rich AFR.     

Preparation and photocatalytic activity of BiOBr/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> heterojunction nanocomposites

An efficient visible-light-responsive BiOBr/TiO₂ heterojunction nanocomposite was fabricated successfully using in-situ depositing technique at room temperature by introducing BiOBr onto the surface of TiO₂ nanobelts pre-prepared by hydrothermal reaction and etched with H₂SO₄. The obtained particles were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, UV-Vis DRS and PL techniques. BiOBr/TiO₂ heterojunction nanocomposites with different mass ratios of m(BiOBr)/m(TiO₂) were discussed in order to get the best photocatalytic activity, and BiOBr/TiO₂-1.0 was proved to be the optimal mass ratio. BiOBr/TiO₂-1.0 exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity in the degradation of RhB compared with TiO₂ nanobelts, pure BiOBr and the mechanical mixture of TiO₂ nanobelts and BiOBr. At last, a possible mechanism of photocatalytic enhancement was proposed.     

Self-organizing evolution of anodized oxide films on Ti-25Nb-3Mo-2Sn-3Zr alloy and hydrophilicity

In the present work,hierarchical nanostructured titanium dioxide（TiO2） films were fabricated on Ti-25Nb-3Mo-2Sn-3Zr（TLM） alloy for biomedical applications via one-step anodization process in ethylene glycolbased electrolyte containing 0.5wt% NH4F.The nanostructured TiO2 films exhibited three distinct types depending on the anodization time：top irregular nanopores（INP）/beneath regular nanopores（RNP）,top INP/middle regular nanotubes（RNT）/bottom RNP and top RNT with underlying RNP.The evolution of the nanostructured TiO2 films with anodization time demonstrated that self-organizing nanopores formed at the very beginning and individual nanotubes originated from underlying nanopore dissolution.Furthermore,a modified two-stage self-organizing mechanism was introduced to illustrate the growth of the nanostructured TiO2 films.Compared with TLM titanium alloy matrix,the TiO2 films with special nano-structure hold better hydrophilicity and higher specific surface area,which lays the foundation for their biomedical applications.