食品添加剂中的亚硝酸钠

食品添加剂中的亚硝酸钠山东曲阜师范大学（２７３１６５）徐富清，李秀芹，车洪文为改善食品品质和色、香、味以及防腐和加工工艺的需要，人们常常向食品中加人一些化学合成或天然物质，这类物质叫作食品添加剂．在肉类的加工过程中，添加适量的亚硝酸钠，既能改善制品（...     

儿童食品安全情报

1.什么是食品添加剂。根据《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》（1995年）的规定；食品添加剂是指“为改善食品品质和色，香，味，以及为防腐和加工工艺的需要而加入食品中的化学合成或者天然物质”；同时规定，“为增强营养成分而加入食品中的天然或人工合成的属于天然营养素范围的食品添加剂”称为“营养强化剂”。     

三聚氰胺身世调查

一种具有广泛用途的化工原料——三聚氰胺突然掀起轩然大波。 从营养学上说．食品添加剂是指为改善食品品质和色、香、味．以及为防腐和加工工艺的需要．而加入的化学合成或天然物质。     

洗洁精抗菌效果比较

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取艾草和三裂叶蟛蜞菊地上部分的挥发油,研究了它们的挥发油和自制洗洁精复配制成的天然植物性抗菌洗洁精与市售洗洁精抑茵效果．结果表明,添加挥发油的天然植物性抗菌洗洁精比市售白猫洗洁精抑菌效果好,含挥发油的天然植物性抗菌洗洁精具有很好的开发和实用价值．     

食物的色、香、味与食品添加剂

食品添加剂是用于改善食品品质(如色、香、味)、延长食品保存期、增加食品营养成分的一类化学合成或天然物质。使用食品添加剂可以使食物增加色泽、香味，使食品的感官性质良好；可以防止食品腐败、变质，控制食物中微生物的繁殖；可以满足食品加工工艺的需要，加入增稠剂、漂白剂、色素和抗氧化剂，防止食品在保存过程中变色、变味等等。     

甜和甜味剂

甜和甜味剂上海共和中学（２０００７０）胡一毅食品的甜味，在人们的食品中是必不可缺的，甜、酸、苦、辣、咸构成了各种风味的食物。甜味不仅可以满足食用者的爱好，还能改善食品可口性及提供人体一定量的热能，是大脑最主要的能量来源。食品中的甜味物质分天然与合成两...     

“语序不当”这样改

【试题展示】(2012年高考浙江卷第5题)从下列材料中选取必要的信息,为"食品添加剂"下定义。①食品添加剂是有意加入到食品中的物质。②食品添加剂的使用是防腐和加工工艺的需要。③食品添加剂既可以是化学合成物质,也可以是天然物质。④食品添加剂加入到食品中的目的是改善食品的品质和色、香、味。     

走进添加剂世界

《中华人民共和国食品安全法》第九十九条对食品添加剂定义为：食品添加剂,指为改善食品品质和色、香、味以及为防腐、保鲜和加工工艺的需要而加入食品中的人工合成或者天然物质。     

黄玉米中天然色素的提取、分离和分析

1 引言。薄层色谱是色谱分析方法中的一种，其特点是仪器和操作简单，展开时间快，检测灵敏度高，不仅适用微量成分的分离和鉴定，而且可用于制备少量纯物质。无论无机物、有机物、小分子化合物或大分子化合物、亲水性物质或亲脂性物质等各种类型化合物的分离、精制和鉴定都可用薄层色谱。因此，薄层色谱在化学分析、天然物质提取与分离、药物研究、医学研究等领域都有广泛应用。目前，在大学基础化学实验中开有薄层色谱实验，但存在以下缺点：所用试剂毒性大；被分析物质易变质；实用意义不大等。为此，本文建立了一个利用薄层色谱技术的新实验：黄玉米中天然色素的提取和分离。黄玉米中的天然色素可以较长时间暴露在空气和光照下而不变质，这样有利于对实验现象的观察和数据的处理。黄玉米中的天然色素是一种很好的食品添加剂，因此，本实验具有很强的实用性。     

用蛋壳生产超细钙粉

日本神奈川县工业研究实验室和巴克斯贸易有限公司联合开发出用蛋壳生产用作保健食品和食品添加剂的超细钙粉的技术。该研究小组利用湿球磨机经过一系列实验,成功地将蛋壳粉碎为平均直径为0．3微米的颗粒。这为作为食品添加剂的钙粉的生产提供了好的前景。由于粉末极细小,蛋壳没有任何不相容性,因此可被广泛用于食品制作中。新型钙粉含天然钙37％,但它的磷含量极小,仅为0．1％,从而防止了当今饮食中磷摄入过多的问题,增加了所需钙的吸收。另外,因为是天然物质,作为现有的补钙品添加到食品中不受须少于1％的限制。最近对蛋壳钙被胃…     

泡菜抑菌性的初步研究

本文初步探讨了泡菜的抑菌性。利用打孔法测试了5种泡菜水样品对大肠杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母的抑菌活性,结果显示有4种泡菜水样品对大肠杆菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌具有抑菌活性,且对蜡状芽孢杆菌的抑制作用强于大肠杆菌,但5种泡菜水样品对酿酒酵母都不具有抑制作用。进一步的pH试验和乳酸的抑菌实验表明乳酸不是泡菜水中的主要活性物质,泡菜水中存在其他的抑菌活性物质,且这些抑菌物质具有pH依赖性。     

以昂尼斯气体为工质的斯特林热机循环效率

以昂尼斯气体为工质,推导出斯特林热机循环的回热损失、输出功及效率的表达式.经过验证,以理想气体、范德瓦尔斯气体、Redlich-Kwong气体和Dieterici气体为工质时,斯特林循环的回热损失、输出功及效率均可由以昂尼斯气体为工质时的形式得出.     

Development of knowledge of visual-tactual affordances of substance

Infants of 12 months were familiarized in the dark with an object of either a hard or an elastic (spongy) substance. Following 60 sec of manipulation, a visual preference test was given with simultaneous presentation of 2 films of identical objects, 1 moving in a pattern characteristic of a rigid object and 1 moving in a pattern characteristic of an elastic object. Infants handled the 2 substances differently in an appropriate manner and looked preferentially with more and longer first looks to the type of substance familiarized. A replication of this experiment with familiarization in the light yielded comparable results. A third experiment with 1-month-old infants allowed them to mouth objects of either a hard or a soft substance for haptic familiarization and then tested looking preferences with real objects moving rigidly or deforming. These infants looked longer at the object moving in a manner characteristic of the novel substance. The results, together, suggest that quite young infants detect intermodal invariants specifying some substances and perceive the affordance of the substance.     

再生产原理探实简述--与生产力研究诸学派商榷

再生产是由再生产实体、再生产关系和再生产力三大因素构成的动态网络系统.再生产实体可分为活劳动实体和物化劳动实体两类;也可分为幼青体和成老体两个段期,且都具"六有--变性"属性.再生产关系是两个以上的具体再生产实体之间的维系.再生产力以三种形态存在,即产出的潜存形态、"产出--吸收"的运行形态和吸收的存贮形态.再生产效益是由再生产实体生命周期形成的再生产力差量与再生产周期形成的再生产实体差量共同表现的.     

School‐based interventions for students with substance abuse

Experimentation with substances is typical for many young people, but unfortunately some will go on to develop substance abuse problems that substantially affect their lives. Successfully intervening with students who use or abuse substances is a challenge for school mental health professionals across the nation. There is a need for evidence‐based practices that school professionals can use when working with students who have substance abuse problems. This article provides school professionals in secondary settings with current information on student substance use rates, evidence‐based individual and group interventions, and discussion of the 42 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 2 (42 CFR). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The Deadly Embrace:

The epidemiology of and clinical experience with college students who make suicide attempts converge upon a glaring conclusion: that suicidal students are now paying a high price for experimentation with alcohol and other intoxicating substances. A significant proportion of suicidal students are abusers of psychoactive substances. Their numbers may be small in terms of total college and university populations, but their personal sacrifice and group impact is great. The first section of this chapter reviews the epidemiology of college student suicide and substance use disorder. One objective of the review is to help college clinicians and administrators examine the suicide-substance use relationship from multiple frames of reference. Data from a new survey of the relationship between substance use and suicidality in students are presented. The second section introduces selected issues on the important topic of substance use and suicide prevention. The third section deals with specific clinical aspects of the student with suicidal thinking and the therapy of the post-suicide attempter who uses or has intoxicating substances.     

Substance use among township secondary school students – an emergent phenomenon

Abstract

Despite widespread concern taking the form of condemnation and education about the danger associated with substance use and abuse by students, this threat has not significantly abated. Numerous students still succumb to the allure and destructiveness of inter alia liquor, smoking, sniffing and drugs. This article examines substance use among students by means of a literature study and a questionnaire. The questionnaire obtained the views of the township secondary school students regarding the prevalence of substance use, usual times for substance use, the period of initial and later use, factors influencing students to use substances and the relationships between age and gender and substance use. The study found that the family, peers, community, school and media advertisements exert powerful influence on the students, which has resulted in a considerable number of them using substances. The study concludes with recommendations on how to address the problem.     

物化之境:后期海德格尔与形而上学的神化

在海德格尔后期关于形而上学的思考中 ,对物的直观而直达物化之境构成其理论主题。在物化之境的光辉中 ,物被解蔽了 ,与其存在合而为一 ,这是一种天、地、神、人的共在状态。但这也是一种神化状态。在物走向功能摆设的时代 ,海德格尔的这一思考 ,是一种浪漫主义的怀旧情怀。     

Identification of Alcohol by Smell among Preschoolers: Evidence for Early Socialization about Drugs Occurring in the Home

This study tested preschoolers' ability to provide accurate verbal associations to alcoholic beverage odors and whether this ability was related to parental drinking patterns and motivations. Older preschoolers performed better than younger preschoolers; photographic cues improved performance; children who correctly identified a substance by smell had socially appropriate knowledge of the culturally appropriate users of the substance; children reported liking substances that are used mainly by children and adults, and generally reported disliking substances whose use is legally limited to adults only; children were better at identifying substances they commonly use, but success at recognition of alcoholic beverages was related to heavier parental drinking and use of alcohol for escape reasons. Findings have implications for theories of socialization to drug use and for models of prevention.     

Differences in polysubstance use among youth in the child welfare system: Toward a better understanding of the highest-risk teens

The current study extended limited prior work on polysubstance use among youth in the child welfare system (CWS) by addressing their potentially greater risk of engaging in polysubstance use, the causes of interpersonal variation in use, and changes in use over time, particularly at later points of involvement in the CWS. Using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (n = 1,178), a series of time-invariant and time-varying demographic and contextual factors were explored to assess their role both overall and at unique points of involvement in the CWS. A series of unconditional and conditional curve-of-factor models were estimated and results indicated that time-invariant characteristics of ethnicity and gender were not related to polysubstance use. Time-variant characteristics of age and placement were associated with polysubstance use and highlighted the dynamic nature of age as a risk factor. Out-of-home placement was protective against later substance use for youth who had been removed from contexts with their original caretaker where there were higher levels of reported violence. Our results suggest that in the child welfare population, the modeling of multiple substances rather than a single substance in isolation is more informative because it yields information on the confluence of behaviors that tend to occur and evolve together.