英语否定转移的表达方式及其汉译

否定转移是指位置上与一个词或短语放在一起的否定词,有时在意义上或逻辑上可转移到去否定另一个词或短语。通过总结英语否定转移的四种表达方式,即从一般否定转移到特指否定;从特指否定转移到一般否定;从一种特指否定转移到另一种特指否定;从否定主句谓语动词转移到否定从句谓语动词,来探讨其在汉语中的翻译,以期进一步提高翻译的准确性。     

POLICY STRATEGIES FOR THE CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AT EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES

Intended as an introduction and overview, this article previews the other contributions to the topic and places them in a general introductory context. The basic question is why women, who are not currently confronted with legal or overt discrimination with regard to entering and even thriving in academic careers, are still underrepresented in the academic world in Europe, particularly in the upper echelons of academic governance and power. Several possible explanations are given, in particular the failure of women to be prepared from an early age to be competitive in ways which boys are taught to take for granted, and their failure, not so much to engage in networking, but to penetrate the networks which count, most or all of which are in fact male dominated. Among the strategies which women may use to gain both presence and power in the academic world, the use of women's studies programmes is ruled out as being ultimately counterproductive. Likewise doubt is cast on the long‐term effectiveness of affirmative action programmes. Only remedies specific to the individual conditions of each country will be really helpful in aiding women to be more numerous in higher education, particularly in positions of power. However, in all the countries in question, women must be socialized so as to be willing to adopt behaviours conducive to academic success, and they must bring to bear the full resources of the social protection and welfare systems, all of which in the different countries of the Europe Region favour not only the progress of women, but the rational use of human resources.     

论职高纯男生班异性交往的必要性

有些职高班是纯男生班,缺乏与异性交往的机会。重视职高纯男生班学生的异性交往,有利于他们性生理、性心理正常发展;有利于他们注重自身形象;有利于他们端正学习态度,提高学习效率;有利于他们收敛、矫正不良行为习惯;有利于他们今后的社会交往和家庭生活。     

论培养和提高师范生写作思维能力的环节

本文对如何培养和提高师专中文专业生写作思维能力的问题进行了探讨,主张在写作教学中教师必须把握好四个环节：一是明确思维特点,讲授思维方法;二是抓住写作理论课堂,引导学生走上科学思维轨道;三是加大文章赏析力度,锻炼科学思维能力;四是抓好习作实践,提高学生写作思维能力。     

行政组织变革的阻力及其对策

针对行政组织变革的特点,重点讨论变革中存在的阻力,了解变革的规律及产生变革阻力的原因,如何克服变革中的阻力、减少变革中的负面效应,使行政组织变革工作顺利进行。     

Incentive learning and the motivational control of instrumental performance by thirst

The role of incentive learning in instrumental performance following a shift in the degree of water deprivation was analyzed in three experiments. In Experiments 1A and IB, rats trained to perform an instrumental action reinforced with either sucrose or maltodextrin solutions when in a high-deprivation state were subsequently shifted to a low-deprivation state and tested in extinction. This within-state shift in water deprivation reduced instrumental performance only when the animals had been exposed to the reinforcer in the low-deprivation state prior to instrumental training. In Experiment 2, a concurrent training procedure was used to assess whether the change in the value of the reinforcer brought about by preexposurewas mediated by the contingency between the instrumental action and the reinforcer. Preexposure to the reinforcer under the low-deprivation state produced a selective reduction of the performance of the action upon which it was contingent during training when testing was conducted in extinction following a shift from the high- to the low-deprivation state. These experiments provide evidence that animals have to learn about the incentive value of a reinforcer in a particular motivational state through exposure to the reinforcer in that state.     

A Case Study of Preschool Children’s Musical Interests at Home and at School

In the interaction between the child and the adult, interest can be a significant motivational initiator of activities. Systematic monitoring and development of the interest in music activities enables the teachers to influence the preschool children in forming a positive attitude towards the art of music. The research involving preschool teachers, children at the age of five to six and their parents, was conducted in order to determine the interest of preschool teachers and children in music activities. We found that the teachers showed greatest interest in singing songs, playing instruments and listening to music. The children’s favourite activities in kindergarten were movement to music (dancing), singing songs and playing on instruments, namely activities where they could take active part in the educational process. The parents reported that at home the children preferred most to listen to music, to sing songs and move to the sounds of music, and less to play on instruments and to be creative in music. The development of the children’s interest in music depends on the teachers’ expression of interest in music activities, on the choice of music activities and music contents and on the experience in the music environment of the family.     

新世纪高校学生党建工作问题与基本思路

文章分析了当前高校学生党建工作存在的问题 ,提出加强高校学生党建工作的基本路径 ;充分认识新时期高校学生党建的极端重要性和艰巨性 ;加强对高校学生党建理论的研究 ,确立对学生党员先进性的评价标准 ;创新思政教育形式 ,确保政治素质提高 ;创新组织管理体制 ,确保党组织活力 ;完善党建制度 ,确保党员质量     

The Functions Of Context In Finding The Equivalent Words In Translation

"Context" covers from pure linguistics to the situation in which a linguistic expression takes place, and to the social and cultural background of communication. Translation is a kind of inter-lingual and eross-euhural communication in which context plays an important role to achieve information equivalence in all levels. This thesis strives to investigate how context interplays with wording in translation, exemplified with an English-Chinese translation to illustrate how differ-ent interpretations of the source language contexts lead to different wordings in translation. It concludes that translators must be context-sensitive to comprehend to meanings of a word in SL. And that's the basis to select an equivalent word of the closest meanings in all level in the TL.     

The testing program for the general college of the state teachers college,Kirksville, Missouri

This article considers the role of private schools in an assessment of segregation in K-12 schools, with special reference to the South. It presents evidence to support two main conclusions. First, private schools have grown in importance in the South since 1960, in contrast to their declining importance in the rest of the country. This contrary trend can be attributed to the region's small proportion of Catholics, to its rising affluence, and to school desegregation. Because of the typically large areas covered by school districts in the South, private schools have offered White families an especially effective means of avoiding exposure to non-Whites in schools, particularly in counties with very high minority concentrations. In those counties the rate at which Whites enrolled in private schools tended to rise with the percentage of all students who were non-White, increasing sharply in counties about 55% non-White. Second, the article presents measures of the extent to which private schools contribute to segregation in schools in all regions. Using data on public and private enrollments in 1999-2000, the article shows that private schools accounted for only about 16% of such segregation in the nation's metropolitan areas, with the bulk of segregation attributed to racial disparities between public school districts. For the nation, segregation increased between 1995-1996 and 1999-2000, and a rise in White private enrollments had a role in this increase.     

高校思政教育贯彻落实科学发展观的路径浅析

高校担负着培养中国特色社会主义事业的合格建设者和接班人的历史重任,必须坚持用科学发展观教育大学生。高校思想政治教育贯彻落实科学发展观的路径主要有三条：一是深入研究科学发展观,增强贯彻落实科学发展观的自觉性;二是充分认识科学发展观对高校思想政治教育的指导作用,增强贯彻落实科学发展观的坚定性;三是积极探索思想政治理论课改革创新的途径和方法,增强贯彻落实科学发展观的实效性。     

UNIVERSITIES AS CENTRES OF CULTURE: AN HISTORICAL APPROACH TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN CENTRAL ASIA

Although numerous Russian intellectuals and academics had travelled to and had settled in Central Asia and in Kazakhstan prior to 1917, institutionalized higher education came to the region only as a result of the Great Socialist October Revolution of 1917. First came the State University of Tashkent in 1924 followed by universities in other parts of Soviet Central Asia. These universities had to face a number of special problems due to the backwardness of the societies in which they were located and to the multiethnic and multilingual student populations which they served and are still serving today. They also had to give special attention to the emancipation of women in what were predominantly Moslem societies. Yet the new institutions have successfully risen to the challenge and today are contributing to the spreading of culture, creativity, and socialist development in the parts of the Soviet Union where they are situated.     

What successful black South African students consider as factors of their success

Black South African students have a poor success rate in school leaving mathematics examinations. Attempts have been made to shift teachers' practices from teacher-centredness to learner-centredness, in Black schools, in order to improve the situation. So far, the attempts failed to yield the desired results. This paper reports on the findings of a study that aimed at learning from students and teachers in Black schools, as to what classroom practices lead to success in school mathematics, in their impoverished context.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

试论学术道德失范的原因与对策

当前学术界存在学术道德失范的现象,其主要原因是学术人个体职业道德水平下滑造成的,学术道德教育没有得到社会应有的重视、不合理的学术利益引导机制、不甚健全的管理体制和缺乏行之有效的惩罚措施是其客观原因。遏制这一现象的发生和蔓延主要应重视学术道德修养和学术道德教育;改革现行的学术评价机制;规范学术管理;加大对学术腐败行为的惩处力度。     

从新托福考试看英语听力训练

即将于2D04年正式开始的新托福考试目前已经通过美国KIS中心设计的“LanguEdge”(锋利英语)教程中的考题模型呈现出来，新托福的宗旨基本上是对听、说、读、写综合应用能力的真正考查。新托福试题的内容和题型变得更加贴近北美大学学习和生活的实用需求。相对于旧托福而言，新托福明显增加了我国众多考生明显薄弱的听、说两个环节。新托福不仅将会给中国的英语教学带来一个新的冲击，促进我国英语教学的改革，而且还会给我们的听力教学带来不少有益的启示。     

试论农村小学英语课堂情趣学习策略

农村小学英语教师在课堂英语教学中必须具备情趣学习策略,即课堂直观教具的使用学习策略、师生情操的陶冶学习策略、课堂师生关系的情感学习策略、课堂英语教学中的成功关怀学习策略、课堂英语教学中的竞赛激励学习策略、课堂英语教学过程的服务学习策略、课堂英语教学活动的“双主体”学习策略、课堂英语教学的创新学习策略、课堂英语教学中的合作学习策略、培养学生参与英语语言活动意识的学习策略和课堂英语教学的诱导学习策略等。     

提升大学生农村工作水平的方法研究

越来越多的大学生即将加入新农村建设队伍,为了充分发挥他们在新农村建设中的作用,应该培养他们对农村的感情,帮助他们了解农村工作的情况,加强他们的农业生产专业知识培训,使他们走进农村后能尽快进入角色。     

The Scientist as School Teacher

Many scientists, driven by the teaching impulse, idealism, or the wish to see science thrive in the United States, take up one or another form of school teaching or participate in programs designed to enhance science teachers' knowledge of science and science teaching skills. Funding is available, from governmental and private sources, to support innovative programs designed to increase the supply of well-trained science teachers. The provision of new funds to support graduate programs in fundamental science that provide a separate track for graduate students who choose a career in teaching, in preference to a career in the laboratory, is a particularly promising development. It is essential that such programs include proper training in pedagogy. Above all, the Nation must recognize the need to provide proper long-term salary support for science teachers in the public schools countrywide, if any of the programs to improve teaching is to succeed.     

关于高校教师对学生评教作用的认识及相关因素的调查研究

让学生评价教师教学的主要目的是为了帮助教师改进教学,提高教学质量。但是,高校学生评教中存在的问题以及教师的现有认识态度在很大程度上限制了学生评教积极作用和价值的发挥。因此,为了充分发挥学生评教对教学的积极促进作用,学校在开展学生评教时,应从多方面改进工作。     

湖州市旅游景点标示英语问题分析及对策

英语社会用语由于语言和文化差异,如果使用不当将会失去语用功能,带来交际上的困难甚至障碍。通过对浙江省湖州市一些旅游景点标示英语中出现的问题,在分析原因的基础上提出相应对策,旨在净化标示英语,使其真正成为对外宣传的“窗口”。