Educational sciences,morality and politics: international educational congresses in the early twentieth century

Internationalism became one of the keywords in the international intellectual and political debates at the end of the nineteenth century. As a political, cultural and social movement it also included science and education. The desire for international cooperation and global understanding was caused by the growing economic interdependence in the world and the threat to peace by nationalistic politics of the imperialistic powers. Within the context of discipline formation and fragmentation, cultural critique, social reform and pacifist movements, academic educationists, teachers and educational and social reformers in various countries tried to establish an international network to promote scientific cooperation, peace, mutual understanding and professional collaboration. In this article, the author will try to place the phenomenon of internationalism within the context of the formation of educational sciences in the early twentieth century. Drawing from the example of other scientific disciplines at this time, such as geography, meteorology and physics, one can assume that the internationalizing of education also increased its professional and scientific standards. The “disciplinarization process”1 Whereas this term is used by Hofstetter and Schneuwly, Van Gorp, Depaepe, and Simon prefer the notion “discipline‐formation process”. See Rita Hofstetter, “The Construction of a New Science by Means of an Institute and Its Communication Media. The Institute of Educational Sciences in Geneva (1912–1948)”, and Angelo Van Gorp, Marc Depaepe & Frank Simon, “Backing the Actor as Agent in Discipline Formation: An Example of the ‘Secondary Disciplinarisation’ of the Educational Sciences, Based on the Networks of Ovide Decroly (1901–1931)”, both in this issue. of educational sciences was closely intertwined with the genesis of an international scientific network through special institutions. In order to investigate this assumption, the genesis, structure, contents and effects of international cooperation in the field of education in the first decades of the twentieth century will be considered. This international cooperation took on different shapes. It included, among others, the international exchange of teachers and students, international educational exhibitions, international congresses, transnational institutions, multilateral standardization and international journals. The focus will be on the main agents of institutionalized internationalization, namely international congresses and associations, and individual forms of international communication and cooperation will therefore not be dealt with. The article begins with a short overview of the different kinds of international educational congresses. Two types of internationalization within this institutional setting will then be introduced: the research‐oriented, “scientifically” based model of academic educationists (“new educational sciences”) and the instruction and reform‐oriented, “politically and morally” based model of a social movement (New Education). Finally the geographical extension of internationalization will be analyzed briefly before the main argument is set out in the concluding remarks, namely that the internationalization of education through international institutions found its driving force in moral and political assumptions of the teaching profession and its goals of school reform within the New Education rather than in an international scientific paradigm of the academic “new educational sciences”.     

Between East and West: Sappho Leontias (1830–1900) and her Educational Theory

The paper presents one of the most prominent Greek women teachers and educators of the nineteenth century, and a leading figure of Greek women’s education in Ottoman territory, Sappho Leontias (1830–1900). Within a transnational framework and based on the study of the writings of Sappho Leontias, the paper presents her educational views, theory and philosophy and focuses on her connections to educational thought and activity “beyond ethnic/national borders”, investigating the influences on her theoretical schema. A secondary intention of the paper is to present the influence Leontias exercised on the education of her times through an overview of her educational activity. The historical and social conditions of the time and place, as well as gender ideologies, are taken into consideration; the paper supports the position that they affect or shape individual projects and choices to a great extent.     

新时代治理模式下发展来华留学研究生教育的挑战及对策分析

来华留学研究生教育作为来华留学教育的重要组成部分,实现其内涵式发展是促进来华留学教育“提质增效”的必然选择,这对新时代“趋同化”治理模式下积极应对来华留学研究生教育面临的挑战提出了新要求。“趋同化”管理要求以“同中有异”的原则发展来华留学研究生教育,既要趋同管理,也要尊重差异。目前发展来华留学研究生教育存在整体生源质量有待提升、导师招收意愿不强、专业实践成效不明显及多部门联动机制尚未成熟等挑战,亟需从构建国际化来华留学研究生教育体系、发展具有中国特色的来华留学教育模式、强化质量保障体系几方面完善管理与部署,以期为实施“双一流”建设及“一带一路”倡议提供创新动力、智力支撑与决策支持。     

The PISA calendar: Temporal governance and international large-scale assessments

Abstract

This article analyses international large-scale assessments in education from a temporal perspective. The article discusses and compares the different conceptions of time in the early international assessments conducted in the 1960s and 1970s by the IEA with the PISA studies conducted by the OECD from the year 2000 onwards. The paper argues that there has been a shift in the ways that the assessments structure time. The early IEA surveys were characterized by a relative slowness, lack of synchronization and lack of trend analyses. PISA, by contrast, is characterized by high pace, simultaneous publication of results around the world and regular and recurrent studies making the analysis of trends possible. The emergence of this new time regime, it is argued, has implications for how education is governed. At the transnational level, it strengthens the influence and importance of OECD as a significant policy actor. At the national level, as educational discourse and policy adapts to the temporalities of the PISA calendar, two kinds of effects can be distinguished. First, there is a tendency towards searching for “retrotopian” solutions for contemporary problems. Second, there is a tendency towards acceleration and short-term planning when it comes to educational reforms.     

Backing the actor as agent in discipline formation: an example of the “secondary disciplinarization” of the educational sciences,based on the networks of ovide decroly (1901–1931)

The works of the Belgian neurologist and educationist Ovide Decroly (1871–1932) extended over the medical and pedagogical fields as well as both the practical‐professional and the theoretical‐disciplinary fields. For this reason, Decroly seemed to be a suitable starting point for a contribution to the problem outlined by Hofstetter and Schneuwly of “the birth and development of a disciplinary field in education”, all the more so because they proposed that the topic be broached from “the role of institutes and congresses”. Putting Decroly in the centre of our perspective offers a double advantage. The making of science, thus also the discipline‐formation process, is an inherently communicative and social event and is bound to the individual or “the actor as an agent of change”. In addition, a case study of Decroly gives the opportunity to test against a multitude of different congresses the concrete problem of the birth and development of a disciplinary field in education. In the limited scope of an article, however, it is not possible to analyse all these congresses in detail. In spite of his apparently very wide‐ranging congress itinerary, two constants struck us: first, it turned out that Decroly in his presentations limited himself to only a handful of closely related subjects, and, second, two associations predominated throughout Decroly's entire congress itinerary: the Société protectrice de l'enfance anormale (SPEA) and the Société belge de Pédotechnie (SBP). The SPEA and the SBP seemed to form a bridge between the academic‐institutional level and the communicative level of the congresses. The two associations, which can be considered networks that operated at the intersection of the theoretical‐disciplinary and the practical‐professional fields, thus provided a promising way for the authors to operationalize their objective – the study of congresses and institutes starting from Decroly. This article will proceed in three stages. First, the SPEA and the SBP will be introduced and the relationship Decroly had with these associations will be examined. Then, the extent to which the SPEA and the SBP determined Decroly's congress itinerary will be examined, and on the basis of Decroly's relationship with these associations, it will be shown how they contributed to the institutionalization of the educational sciences in Belgium. Finally it is wondered whether, by shifting the focus from congresses and institutes to networks, one does have a concretization of what Hofstetter and Schneuwly, refering to Stichweh, call the “(predominantly) secondary disciplinarization” of the educational sciences?     

Stichwort: Familie, Peers und (informelle) Bildung im Kindes- und Jugendalter

The importance of non-school educational stimuli which arise in “normal” everyday life (mainly through experience and “learning from life”) and the contribution of such stimuli to the educational development of young people are often underestimated. The educational value of the widely differing casual educational structures in family and peer relationships is often not fully appreciated in educational research until such structures are combined with formal school education. So far, researchers have only just begun to explore the value of informal education and to venture beyond the “traditional” limitation of empirical educational research in Germany to formal, institutionally organised education and competence acquisition processes for pupils. In recent years, attention has not only been directed towards the family as an independent place of education—studies have also focused on real life informal interaction situations in peer relationships and their importance as significant educational factors in the context of unsupervised child daytime activities. The researchers tend to regard the family as a “different type of educational sphere” and peer relationships as social interactions between equals with considerable educational potential, involving social and cultural exchange processes which constitute “everyday education” and which differ in their effects depending on the milieu. In view of the enormous differences in the way in which children and young people are integrated into family and peer-based everyday situations, it is important to point out the high educational significance of family and peer relationships for informal education, and this must always be analysed in relation to the social milieu of the family of origin and the type of school attended by the young people. The existing research initiatives and results are discussed here in relation to various research questions. The varied considerations in relation to the significance and impact of peer relationships and the existing approaches adopted in research serve as a starting point for further suggestions for future research, and these desirable new directions in research are then discussed from a theoretical and methodological perspective.     

Global campaigns for girls’ and women’s education, 2000–2017: insights from transnational social movement theory

ABSTRACT

Recent decades have witnessed a growing number of global campaigns on girls’ and women’s education, including major global policy initiatives such as the MDGs and the SDGs. While scholars have critically analysed the conceptualisations of gender, equality and development in such campaigns, and their significance for national level policy and practice, less has been written about why and how girls’ education came to be such a high profile feature of international policy frameworks. This paper draws on perspectives from transnational social movement theory, which has been used by gender scholars to explore the activities and significance of non-governmental organisations for agenda-setting at the global level. In this paper these perspectives are applied to the field of global education policy, through an analysis of evidence from international conferences, data on aid flows and interviews with key policy actors, to explore the factors behind rise of the global agenda on gender equality in education. In doing so, it suggests that the current dominant framing around girls’ education, access and quality, may be explained by the relatively weak involvement of non-governmental women’s groups in proportion to the strong involvement of multilaterals, bilateral agencies, national governments and more recently, private sector organisations.     

Mens agitat molem: The Pedagogical Congresses of the Liga Nacional de Instrução (Lisbon, 1908–1914)

In this article the authors develop an exploratory analysis of the Portuguese “Liga Nacional de Instrução”, founded in 1907, and its four “Pedagogical Congresses”, which took place in Lisbon between 1908 and 1914. The main sources of study are the four volumes of the congresses, which include the reports presented at the congresses and the summaries of debates, and other periodical publications of the “Liga”. The “Liga Nacional de Instrução” and the congresses as organizational infrastructures, which provide “social substrata” for the development of educational knowledge in Portugal, are described and analysed. Questions are addressed related to their intellectual and political contexts, as well as to the networks that sustain them. The “League” and the “Congresses” are described and analysed as spaces of confluence, dispute and coordination of different interests and actors (such as teachers, teacher trainers, national and local school administrators, school physicians and other “researchers”, politicians and laypersons). In this article the authors seek to characterise the congresses regarding their structure and participants (roles, disciplinary and institutional origins). However, attention is also paid to their contents. Therefore, the reports and debates on school hygiene – one of the main themes of all the congresses – are analysed, and particularly the strategic dimension of science presentation. This allows us to see the efforts of those who put most stock in scientific reason to legitimize socially and politically the indispensable nature of their “solutions” and establish an order in the educational terrain.     

“双一流”学科创新型工科国际人才培养模式探究——以冶金工程专业为例

针对当前我国工科院校学生在接受国际化教育的过程中普遍存在的问题,结合国家“一带一路”倡议及新时代发展对于国际人才的需求,提出采用“一去三来”的教育方法,让国内师生“走出去”,将教育模式与国际平台“连起来”,将国际知名专家及其课程“引进来”,形成以促进学生自身发展为核心的国际化课程体系。在教师队伍建设上,将年轻的教师与国际知名专家紧密“接起来”,强化国际化工科师资队伍建设,形成“双一流”建设驱动下工科类专业的国际化教育新模式,将学生的国际化教育落到实处,提升学生的创新能力,拓宽国内高等院校师生的国际视野。     

Balancing the priorities of the classroom teacher with the imperatives of high stakes assessment of reading: An English perspective

The question underpinning this paper, and the international symposium on reading assessment at the University of Nottingham which preceded it, is this: “In what ways can we learn from each other how to improve reading assessment, at the personal, classroom, local and national levels?” This paper will attempt to answer the question “How can we learn from each other?” in the following ways: first some background information on the New Paradigms in Reading Assessment (NPRA) seminar will be presented; second, an account will be offered about what has been happening in language arts assessment (the subject termed ‘English’) in the United Kingdom, which goes some way to explaining why in England there has been a particularly urgent need to learn from the experiences of other countries; third, some examples will be given of new approaches to assessment in other countries, particularly the United States, Australia, and Scotland (which has the same government, but a different education system from that in England and Wales) from which those of us in England might learn; fourth, some principles which might underpin new assessment approaches within the English system will be put forward; and finally, an indication will be given of how some of these principles are being put into practice in classrooms in England, as pilot work on an international collaborative study.     

MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION – GOOD FOR BUSINESS BUT NOT FOR THE STATE? THE IB CURRICULUM AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM

ABSTRACT:  In the 1970s and the 1980s, multicultural education spread in many countries. However, in the mid-1980s the golden age of multiculturalism came to an end. Neo-conservative political forces attacked multicultural policies and progressively a neo-liberal discourse pervaded economic and social policies, also affecting national education systems. In contrast, multicultural approaches have emerged with tremendous vigour in the field of business management. Juxtaposing cognitive, emotional and socio-communicative multiculturalism found in organisational studies onto multiculturalism in the International Baccalaureate (IB) curriculum indicates whether multiculturalism in international schools aims to respond to the needs of global capitalism. The findings show that emotional, cognitive and socio-communicative multiculturalism are seen as essential traits for good performance in transnational corporations, and they are strongly encouraged in the IB curriculum. The relevance of multicultural skills in global management alongside the decay of multiculturalism in public education systems entails a growing educational disparity between lower class and higher class children. A new educational structure in which two differentiated systems – a national system and an international system – emerges and redefines the terms of inequality of opportunities.     

江苏高职院校来华留学生教育现状与展望

江苏高职院校一直是中国高职的排头兵,以“一带一路”倡议为契机,江苏高职院校主动服务国家战略,来华留学生教育快速发展,国际影响力日益增强,国际化办学水平不断提高。然而,当前江苏省高职院校来华留学生教育也面临一些现实困境。要从重构全球高等教育布局的角度,充分认识江苏高职院校招收来华留学生的意义;从培养“中国好故事讲述者”的角度,系统谋划来华留学生教育;从服务“走出去”中资企业的角度,建立政府、行业企业和高职院校多元利益主体协同的人才培养机制;从树立中国高职教育品牌的角度,切实把好来华留学生教育的质量关。     

国际教育合作对我国国家安全的影响:文献综述

在教育国际化潮流的推动下,我国日益深入地参与各种形式的国际教育合作和交流。国际教育合作因其特殊性无疑将影响国家安全,但国内对于国际教育合作中安全问题的研究,主要围绕国际教育合作是否会威胁我国国家安全、国际教育合作威胁了国家的哪些安全以及通过什么手段影响我国的国家安全等问题展开,虽取得了一定的成果,但更多是一种主观判断,缺乏理论深度,对于国际教育合作如何影响我国国家安全仍有待深入系统地研究。     

Phelps‐Stokes in Congo: Transferring Educational Policy Discourse to Govern Metropole and Colony

This article combines a historical with a social/political anthropological framework to examine the role played by the transfer of educational discourse between the United States‐based Phelps‐Stokes Fund and the Belgian Ministry of Colonies in the formulation of the colonial education policy of “adapted education” in the 1920s. The author argues that the transfer of racialized discourses of education and educational language was instrumental in the political governance of both metropole and colony as well as in improving the image of Belgian colonialism in the international political arena. In particular, the author emphasizes the political clout of the Catholic Party and the role played by two problems that ascended to the center stage of Belgian national politics after World War I (i.e. the cost of rebuilding the country and the so‐called “Flemish problem”) to show how colonial educational policy, and national and international politics are interconnected.     

The Buddhist Institute at Phnom Penh,the International Council of Women,and the Rome International Institute for Educational Cinematography: intersections of internationalism and imperialism, 1931–1934

This article explores the intersection of aspects of imperialism and internationalism in discussion of cinematography at the League of Nations, at the International Council of Women (ICW), and as they played out in the imperial, national and local flows around educational cinematography in the work of Suzanne Karpelès at the Institute of Buddhist Studies in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. It focuses on the 1931 ICW cinematograph conference organised by Laura Dreyfus-Barney at the League’s Rome International Institute for Educational Cinematography (IIEC) and on the IIEC’s 1934 cinematography congress, when Dreyfus-Barney fed Karpelès’ ideas about educational film into the congress. The article looks at the notion of rapprochement (of nations) within internationalism as this became articulated at both the League and the ICW with notions about mentalities within imperialism. It also traces the intersection of rapprochement and mentalities in Karpelès’ promotion of educational cinematography from her base in Phnom Penh. The article concludes that various elements around the cinematic at the League, the ICW and at Phnom Penh illustrate articulations of internationalism in the domains of nationalism and imperialism as well as articulations of the national and imperial in the domain of the international.     

Stichwort: Transfer und Transferforschung im Bildungsbereich

“Transfer of innovation” is understood in education science as concerned with the dissemination of scientifically based innovations in educational systems. This contribution will begin with a more precise definition of the term transfer, an overview of the current state of research and on which factors influence the successful dissemination of innovations in educational systems. In the second part, four strategies will be presented which enable the dissemination of scientific evidence into practical settings. Here we will compare strategies which have been used within the context of pilot programmes in Germany with internationally established approaches. These international approaches are more output-orientated and, therefore, look to the effects of innovations on pupils—especially with respect to performance development. The comparison contrasts classic top-down with evidence-based strategies and participative strategies with design-research approaches. Finally, we discuss the role given to educational research within these strategies.     

The Modernization of Colonialism and the Educability of the “Native”: Transpacific Knowledge Networks and Education in the Interwar Years

This article focuses on a seminar‐conference held in Hawaii in 1936 on the “educability” of native peoples. The seminar‐conference was convened by New Zealand anthropologist Felix Keesing and Yale education professor Charles Loram and supported by the Carnegie Corporation, among other organizations. Conference delegates—who came from across the Pacific, including the U.S. mainland, Australia, and New Zealand, and from as far as South Africa—joined to discuss the future of colonial education. The residential conference, which lasted several weeks, resulted in published proceedings and the establishment of extensive transpacific networks. One in a series of international congresses on education that took place during the interwar years, the 1936 Hawaii conference offers unique insight into the transnational dialogue among academics, education practitioners, colonial administrators, and, in some cases, Indigenous spokespeople, concerning the modernization of colonialism and new forms of citizenship in the era of progressive education and cultural internationalism.     

“一带一路”倡议下中国-东盟职业教育国际合作模式与机制构建

当前在"一带一路"倡议下中国-东盟职业教育国际交流与合作深入推进,形成了政府主导型职业教育国际合作模式、职业教育人员跨境流动合作模式、职业教育配合企业"走出去"鲁班工坊模式、职业教育中外校校合作办学模式以及校企合作共建境外职业技能培训中心模式等主要模式。应当从建立健全职业教育要素跨国流动体制机制、职业教育国际合作信息共享机制、职业教育国际合作多元主体协同机制、职业教育国际合作质量保障机制以及职业教育国际合作协调机制等方面深入推进中国-东盟职业教育国际合作。     

What Is Educational about Education? The Distinctiveness of Education

This article explores two questions: (1) Is education a unique and distinct discipline? (2) Is education anything other than the achievement of noneducational aims or objectives? In it, Trevor Norris examines how these two questions are interconnected, specifically analyzing how what we think about education as a distinct field of study informs what we ask of it as a practice. When we study education, we should be educational about it, because if we render education as the object of study, it is never endowed with agency or distinctiveness. Norris inquires into the distinctiveness of education as a way of thinking and a way of impacting the world, asking what are the conditions that make it possible for us to identify something as “educational”? To investigate this question, Norris draws from Hannah Arendt's account of politics, and he concludes by describing a case study assignment that requires educational foundations students to draw from philosophy of education in order to show what exactly is educational about education by contrasting education with business and psychology.     

国际化背景下跨国修读学分互认机制及管理对策

在教育国际化与信息化融合发展的背景下,推行国内外高校间的学分互认已成为全球教育改革的重要方向。跨国修读学分互认是基于学分制的一种制度安排,是实现高等教育多元化、开放式发展的重要载体。中国高校跨国修读学分互认起步晚,发展不均衡;跨国学分互认尚缺乏相关法律及配套政策支持;学分设置及质量考核不规范,缺乏统一标准。文章借鉴国外跨国修读学分互认的典型模式及其特点,基于"以人为本"理念对中国高校跨国修读学分互认机制及实施路径进行制度设计,并从政府和高校等层面提出相应的管理对策:制定统一的学分设置标准,构建校际学分互认平台;推行融合互联网的"学分银行"制度;加强师资队伍建设,提升教务管理国际化水平。