稷下学宫的学术自由精神对当前高等教育的启示

稷下学宫是我国最早的由政府创办的高等学府,其学术自由、鼓励争鸣的办学方针对中国教育发展产生了深远影响。学术自由是现代高等教育发展的必要条件和基本精神,研究稷下学宫学术自由精神的内涵及发展,对目前高等教育学术自由的发展有借鉴意义。     

论"学术自由"理念的现代意义

学术自由产生于思想自由，其精神实质是一种人性的体现。现代高等教育在学术自由理念支配下取得了辉煌的成绩。学术自由与学术责任是一对辩证的范畴，学术自由必须承担学术责任。学术自由弘扬批判精神和张扬个性，为创造性提供精神氛围。学术自由体现以人为本，最终是实现人的全面发展。     

Latin American Universities,Academic Freedom and Autonomy: A long-term myth?

This article explores the issues of academic freedom and autonomy in different systems of higher education in Latin America, with an emphasis on the Brazilian case [1]. It starts with a broad historical view that permits the location of the tensions between the academic community and the State in relation to academic freedom and autonomy. These issues are then analysed in three different moments of higher education in Latin America: the early framing (the 1920s to the 1950s), the middle framing (the 1960s and the 1970s), and the contemporary framing (the 1980s and the 1990s). In the conclusion, an interpretation is offered of the current debate on higher education and the consequences for academic freedom and autonomy in the new millennium.     

学习自由:历史发展与涵义、必然与限制

学习自由是学术自由的一个重要组成部分,从强调单一的学术自治发展到重视学生的学习自由,学术自由经历了漫长的过程。作为一种自由,学习自由既有哲学层面的涵义,又有可操作层面的涵义。学习自由是高校学生应有的一种权利,其必要性是由高校和学生本身的特点,以及培养创新性人才的时代要求决定的。学习自由不是绝对的自由,需要有一定的限制。这种限制在认识和具体执行中分为两种,积极的限制实际上是一种必需的引导,消极的限制是认识上的误导,需要纠正。     

Re-framing student academic freedom: a capability perspective

The scholarly debate about academic freedom focuses almost exclusively on the rights of academic faculty. Student academic freedom is rarely discussed and is normally confined to debates connected with the politicisation of the curriculum. Concerns about (student) freedom of speech reflect the dominant role of negative rights in the analysis of academic freedom representing ‘threats’ to academic freedom in terms of rights which may be taken away from a person rather than conferred on them. This paper draws on the distinction between negative and positive rights and the work of Sen (1999) to re-frame student academic freedom as capability. It is argued that capability deprivation has a negative impact on the extent to which students can exercise academic freedom in practice and that student capability can be enhanced through a liberal education that empowers rather than domesticates students.     

从美国教育法制看公立大学教师学术自由的原则与界限

美国宪法及法律并无学术自由的明确规定,但法院根据宪法法案对一系列案件的解释和判决,赋予学术自由以宪法地位,使学术自由概念本身成为融合了宪法原则和学术观念的司法概念.但法院同时又为学术自由设定边界,通过教师权利与学校利益、社会利益的平衡,保证高等教育公共性的实现.     

论美国高等教育制度与国家价值观的互动关系

美国大学蕴育的学术自由、独立自治、崇尚民主等精神,培育了美国的核心价值即民主、自由、平等、法制等理念。该理念又深刻影响着美国高等教育的发展方向和历史进程。美国以国家价值观为依据,以建立多元化高等教育体系为平台,以立法为手段,不断推进教育机会均等,保护学术自由和大学自治传统。高等教育的不断发展与完善又强化了人们对国家价值观的认同。正是这种国家价值理念和高等教育制度发展的一致性和良性互动,才铸就了美国高等教育今天的成就。     

美国大学终身教职制度的发展演变历程——新制度主义的视角

终身教职制度在美国高等教育领域经历了一个漫长的发展演变过程。从新制度主义的视角对其进行研究发现,美国大学终身教职制度产生的源头是出现学术自由危机．其发展的动力来自于社会发展和高等教育自身发展的需求,以及大学内部一些精英力量的意识和努力。     

Assuring Quality in Distance Education

Many traditional academics view the advent of on-line teaching in higher education with suspicion. They suspect that attempts to compare the outcomes of traditional and on-line instruction do not yield valid results. Nevertheless, on-line instruction is here to stay. It behooves an organization like the American Association of University Professors, a major role of which is to protect academic freedom in American higher education institutions, to make sure that the integration of on-line instruction into the activities of traditional higher education institutions will give rise, in the case of the new component, to the same guarantees as to academic freedom and quality, determined primarily by the faculty, as in traditional university activities.     

Centralization trends in higher education: Israel's Planning and Grants Committee

Israel's Planning and Grants Committee (PGC) was formed in 1974 to function as an intermediary body between the higher education system and the government in financing of higher education institutions. The PGC is largely composed of academics from universities. It was meant to guarantee both academic freedom of the higher educational system while providing for greater accountability. However, the PGC has increased its involvement in higher education and assumed also the role of planning the system as a whole and regulating the development of individual universities.This article analyzes the effects of PGC policies on Israel's universities in general and specific acts which have restricted institutional autonomy and might further limit their academic freedom.     

论美国高等教育的独立性

独立性是高等教育本质特征之一。本文从美国高等教育独立性存在和发展的历史条件;独立性的基石：大学自治、学术自由;独立性的制度保障：教育立法三个方面入手,对美国高等教育的独立性进行有益的探讨,指出美国高等教育的独立性形成有着其独特的历史背景和文化传统,进而指出独立性从严格意义上讲就是大学自治加学术自由,它们是一个不断演变的概念,并越来越受到广泛的认可,受到教育立法的保护,从而形成了今天独具魅力的美国高等教育系统。最后本文对美国高等教育独立性的新发展作出了一些分析。指出美国高等教育越来越多的受到来自外部的干预．独立性有被逐步占据主导地位的政治论的高等教育哲学掩盖的可能。     

保护学术自由还是学术特权——美国终身聘任制的挑战及对我国的启示

学识自由是大学的核心理念。以终身聘任制为核心的教师聘任制度,有效地保障了大学教师的学术自由权利。但是终身聘任制也日益受到广泛的批评和反对。终身聘任后评审制度正是在一片反对呼声中出台的一项措施。通过对美国高校教师任用制度的分析与讨论,希望对我国高校教师任用制度的改革提供有益借鉴。     

胡适的高等教育思想探析

胡适是一位具有强烈爱国心的自由主义知识分子。他的高等教育思想是其再造文明这一终生梦想的重要组成部分。胡适认为高等教育是为祖国再造文明,并使国家走上现代化道路的重要途径。他的高等教育思想主要体现为科学与人才并重、坚持学术独立与追求思想自由的教育理念。     

Justice through higher education: Revisiting White Paper 3 of 1997

Interrogating the White Paper 3 of 1997 which upholds academic freedom, institutional autonomy and public accountability, I make the case for justice through higher education using public accountability. I argue that the higher education system in South Africa is capable of fulfilling such a role in the context of extreme injustices but not without a critical engagement of the extent and causes of these injustices and an understanding of their implications for academic curricula, practices and deeply embedded conceptions of knowledge. A redefinition of higher education institutions' public accountability in terms of responsibility to their ‘institutional locale’ or community (the populations whose needs they should be meeting) can be an effective ‘proactive tool’ with which higher education can redress social injustices. This requires an interrogation of the social, political and economic conditions of possibility that either inhibit or aid educational desire and attainment. An investigation of this nature entails a rigorous reappraisal of all three of the key principles within which higher education systems operate—academic freedom, institutional autonomy and public accountability—if they are to guard against the continued perpetuation of epistemic and social injustices.     

美国大学学术自由的含义——基于终身教职保障制度的思考

美国大学的学术自由理念来自于德国柏林大学,但是美国大学在其发展中学术自由不再是一种形而上的学术理想与理念,而是一种具体的经济与职位保障制度。本文基于一种保障制度即终身教职的视角探讨了美国学术自由的产生、含义及其限制。美国的学术自由建立过程与美国大学职能的演变是直接联系起来的;终身教职中所保障的自由更多的指的是教师教学的自由,因而对教师在教学中的自由作了明确的限制。     

University Students as Creators of Personal Knowledge: an alternative epistemological view

Abstract

This paper takes the form of a position statement followed by three responses from colleagues located in different institutions of higher education. The resulting colloquium is concerned, among other things, with the role of the academic within higher education and with the notion of freedom as it relates to the definition and development of that role. It sets itself against the traditional notion of ‘academic freedom’ and explores alternative constructions of academic professionalism. Freedom remains central to these constructions; but an outward‐looking emancipatory notion of freedom, not an inward‐looking and self‐interested notion. The practices that are documented in the paper and the issues that these raise are a direct consequence of this preoccupation with reconstructing the moral bases of academic professionalism. The paper reaches no firm conclusions, but highlights a number of key differences within a shared emancipatory project: differences shaped by the institutional and cultural contexts of higher education and, in particular, by the gendering of the academic workplace; differences inscribed in the conditions and divisions of labour within higher education and, more specifically, in the organisational structures of support for professional growth and development; differences of value and purpose that help determine what, for each of the authors, it means to be an academic. The form of the paper, with its emphasis on the examined life as deliberative and public, reflects this preoccupation with achieving principled agreement through the recognition and exploration of difference.     

浅谈学术自由视野下的大学教师专业发展

随着高等教育大众化的发展,教师队伍规模日益庞大,其专业素质的高低直接关系到高等教育质量的提升。教师专业发展成为提高大学办学质量的重要条件。学术自由是大学的生命力源泉,为大学教师专业发展提供了良好的条件。通过对学术自由视野下教师专业发展的策略分析,以期有一定的参考价值。     

弗菜克斯纳现代大学理念述评

弗莱克斯纳是美国著名的教育理论家。他认为大学应是具有“适应”和“落后”两重性的复杂有机体。还应是“学问”的中心;大学的职能是科学研究和培养人才;大学与外部世界的关系是大学可以对社会问题进行研究并提出建议,但不必对其行为负责;大学的精髓是学术自由。弗莱克斯纳的现代大学理念对当前我国大学建设与发展具有重要的借鉴意义。     

ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND THE DIMINISHED SUBJECT

ABSTRACT:  Discussions about freedom of speech and academic freedom today are about the limits to those freedoms. However, these discussions take place mostly in the higher education trade press and do not receive any serious attention from academics and educationalists. In this paper several key arguments for limiting academic freedom are identified, examined and placed in an historical context. That contextualisation shows that with the disappearance of social and political struggles to extend freedom in society there has come a narrowing of academic life and a new and impoverished concept of 'academic freedom' for a diminished idea of the human subject, of humanity and of human potential .