关于面向公众的基层图书馆服务网络建设

基层图书馆是整个图书馆网络体系的基石,在整个图书馆网络体系中发挥着重要作用。纵观目前,我国多数基层图书馆现状令人喜忧参半。基层图书馆在新时期发展所具备的良好条件有:国家政策上的支持;图书馆事业发展的必然趋势;民间力量的介入;民众文化生活的需要;学者对弱势群体信息权力的呼吁与倡导等。基层图书馆在我国各地区采取了不同的构建模式。总分馆制是发展公共图书馆服务网络主体形式.应当成为我国构建基层图书馆服务网络体系的指导思想。     

伟大的力量来自于哪里——解读社会力量办馆助馆

从历史的角度对中西社会力量办馆助馆的历史传统进行梳理,认为社会力量是近代图书馆发展的原动力.中外社会力量办馆助馆活动存在显著差别的根源在于社会制度不同,而目前弱势群体的激增与知识资源的供给不足足社会力量兴起办馆助馆热潮的现实原因.社会力量办馆助馆有四种模式:独立建馆办馆、捐资建馆与捐书助馆、与公共图书馆合作、志愿者服务.中国图书馆事业的发展应走"官办民助"与"民办官助"相结合的道路.目前社会力量办馆助馆热潮将引发一场具有中国特色的新图书馆运动.     

' 'Nice but Peripheral. ' ' Some Australian Teacher Librarians' Attitudes to Cooperation between School and Public Libraries

The paper discusses the attitudes of teacher librarians in government schools in Sydney towards cooperation with public libraries and towards a sensible delineation of school and public library roles. Six case studies, based upon interviews conducted by the author, are presented. It is suggested that teacher librarians would like to cooperate, particularly with other school libraries, but that they need greater administrative support and leadership in order to do so. They regard cooperation with public libraries as a low priority, and see it mainly in terms of the public library supplementing the school library's collections. They rarely regard public librarians as colleagues sharing common professional goals.     

建立多体制图书馆体系的经济学研究

图书馆服务具有准公共物品属性,政府不是唯一的供给主体.公共物品性质的可变性、公共物品理论的深化以及民间资本的壮大为非公有制图书馆的生存和发展提供了可能性和现实可行性;公立图书馆的缺位和政府机构偏离公共利益使得民营资本的进入成为必要.构建"公立图书馆为主体、多体制图书馆共同发展"的我国图书馆服务体系有着深厚的经济学理论基础和内涵,是我国图书馆事业健康发展的必由之路.     

Bibliographical activities of the Arab Countries of North Africa

The kind and size of a library determines the need to collect and the method of controlling government publications. New Zealand libraries tend to handle these publications like any other book with the exception of official records and statistics. As a rule, public, rather than academic libraries, are the designated depositories. In comparing the concept of New Zealand libraries to that of the University of Oregon Library concerning government publications, I found that New Zealand libraries collect and store official and statistical publications and give them partial use; most government publications are integrated into the general collection (use is not known), and few libraries have separate government publication sections with special librarians governing the collection. On the other hand the University of Oregon collects all types of government publications for optimum use; many have been integrated into the general collection (use is not known); and a separate documents section is open to the public with several librarian specialists in attendance. Government publications in the general collection are not, as a rule, recognized as government publications by the public, but those publications are readily accessible. Many government publications at the University of Oregon Library are housed in the general collection, but since 1974 publications of the United States, Canada and many international organizations are shelved in the Documents Section. Use of the various classification schemes has proved successful; however, changes and improvements should be considered frequently to make the government publications collection the best able to serve the public.     

Reference librarians' perceptions of the issues they face as academic health information professionals.

Background: Leaders in the profession encourage academic health sciences librarians to assume new roles as part of the growth process for remaining vital professionals. Have librarians embraced these new roles?Objectives: This research sought to examine from the reference librarians'' viewpoints how their roles have changed over the past ten years and what the challenges these changes present as viewed by both the librarians and library directors.Method: A series of eight focus groups was conducted with reference librarians from private and public academic health sciences libraries. Directors of these libraries were interviewed separately.Results: Reference librarians'' activities have largely confirmed the role changes anticipated by their leaders. They are teaching more, engaging in outreach through liaison initiatives, and designing Web pages, in addition to providing traditional reference duties. Librarians offer insights into unanticipated issues encountered in each of these areas and offer some creative solutions. Directors discuss the issues from their unique perspective.Conclusion: Librarians have identified areas for focusing efforts in lifelong learning. Adult learning theory, specialized databases and resources needed by researchers, ever-evolving technology, and promotion and evaluation of the library are areas needing attention. Implications for library education and continuing professional development are presented.     

General characteristics of private academe and public U.S. federal depository libraries

Do public federal depository libraries located in private colleges have paradoxical characteristics? Private academe may have an aura of exclusivity, but federal depository library status ensures that the public has access to government materials. In the first segment of this two-part study, general depository and institutional characteristics are profiled. Comparisons are made between public and private academic depositories and depositories as a whole. Most private academic depositories are located in religiously affiliated small colleges with higher than average tuitions. Due to the small size of many private academic depositories, many may rely on the larger public institutions. Although the average GPO item selection for private academe is far less than the average public academic counterpart, if item selection is compared to student enrollment, private depositories select more than their share. Depository promotion and issues of public access will be further explored in the second article in this study.     

中美公共图书馆政府信息服务比较研究

美国图书馆开展政府信息服务历史悠久,健全的法律保障、与政府良好的合作关系、公民的主动参与、完善的利用机制是促进美国图书馆政府信息服务的重要因素。与美国相比,中国图书馆开展政府信息服务的时间短,地区发展不平衡;相关法律、政府信息、服务对象的缺失很大程度上阻碍了中国公共图书馆政府信息服务的开展。中国需要加强相关法律的制订与完善,为图书馆开展政府信息服务创造一个好的环境,此外图书馆自身也要积极参与到政府信息服务这项工作,同时通过努力强化公民的参与意识。     

Investigating variations in the provision of digital services in public libraries using network-based GIS models

Public libraries have been seen to have an important role in providing digital services to potentially excluded groups in order to help meet government targets regarding the delivery of digital services. Geographical information systems (GIS) have been used to investigate library service areas, to aid initial location decisions, and to model the implications of the opening and closure of library services. Recent studies have promoted the use of GIS-based techniques to investigate spatial variations in accessibility to public and private services in relation to socio-economic characteristics of population groups. One such technique, based on floating catchment area (FCA) approaches, has been primarily used to investigate potential inequalities in health services, access to employment and leisure opportunities, as well as planning public transport. In this study, FCA techniques are used to research variations in accessibility to public library facilities using bespoke application tools developed within a commercial GIS package. Drawing on a preliminary analysis of variations in accessibility to library services in a local authority area in south Wales, UK, a case study is presented whereby GIS-based models can be used to investigate spatial variations in digital services provision. As a result, provision gaps of such services can be identified. This study's findings help guide national government delivery programs to promote digital inclusion.     

加拿大儿童图书馆标准

加拿大儿童图书馆标准由全国性和地方性标准构成,分布在公共图书馆和学校图书馆标准中。全国性标准主要由全国性公共图书馆协会制定,地方性标准由省和地区的图书馆协会、政府部门或两者协商制定。加拿大儿童图书馆标准的特点是:全国标准对地方标准具有引领作用,各地数量不等,标准与法律法规相辅相成,学校图书馆标准要求与实际情况相差较大。其对我国的启示包括:多出台地方标准,及时更新标准,重视基层图书馆标准的制定,重视标准的实施情况。     

Community Libraries: The Concept and its Application—with Particular Reference to a South African Community Library System

Norms for community libraries were established, focusing specifically on the Pinetown community libraries. The five oldest community libraries in the Pinetown public library system were studied by way of questionnaires, interviews and observation. It was hypothesized that public library systems in South Africa have not yet made the paradigm shift to becoming true community libraries. However, the study proved that certain public library systems, such as Pinetown, have made significant progress towards becoming community libraries in the true sense of the word—moving away from the passive traditional Western public library model towards active service-oriented systems, based on the needs of the community as a whole: be it as agents of upliftment and development, or as sources of information and recreation. It can be concluded that certain adaptations still need to be made to become “true” community libraries. For instance, more community involvement in the running of the libraries, individual funds to purchase specific materials needed by the community, and the development of specific skills that will enable the staff to render a pro-active community library service, but the transitional process is still in progress.     

试论公共图书馆管理体制与管理理念的创新——读《图书馆治理的比较制度分析》

在公共治理理论视野下审视政府公共图书馆的效率低下，民营图书馆和公共图书馆并存的局面，对我国图书馆管理体制的创新具有重要启示。治理的要义就是要采用各种方式将自治机制融合到政府公共图书馆以提高效率，并与民营图书馆和谐共处。通过阅读《图书馆治理的比较制度分析》等文献，本文进一步指出凸显民主，强调自治是贯穿中国图书馆管理体制创新和理念创新的一条主线。     

从新会景堂图书馆看五邑地区民间图书馆的发展

广东新会景堂图书馆已经有80多年的历史,从家族图书馆转型为公共图书馆,并形成自己鲜明的特色,在家族图书馆中是一个非常独特的典型,它的成功运作对五邑地区民间图书馆的建设和发展提供了重要的启示。     

公共图书馆与政府信息公开

公共图书馆作为政府举办的公益性图书馆,是区域性文献信息资源收藏与提供的中心,在政府信息公开中具有天然的、不可替代的优势;同时作为公共文化服务体系中的重要环节,也责无旁贷。本文阐述了公共图书馆在政府信息公开中的作用以及政府信息公开对公共图书馆提出的要求,并指出应当注意的问题和对策。     

美国早期的私有图书馆

通过对美国私有图书馆的早期(20世纪初以前)历史,它们的存在状况、规模、藏书内容以及重要收藏家的介绍与评价,呈现给读者一个比较清晰的美国私有图书馆发展历史的轮廓;通过对美国私有图书馆的运作方式、经营管理的讨论,得出美国私有图书馆向公立图书馆转变过程中的三点有益启示。     

US government information: selected current issues in public access vs. private competition

Web information systems are having a profound effect on the way information is being disseminated today. Current technological advances have caused many government agencies to re-evaluate their practice of contracting with private sector vendors who have traditionally repackaged and marketed the agency's raw data. These new opportunities for government agencies wishing to make information publicly accessible have blurred the traditional distinctions between public and private dissemination activities. Low-cost public dissemination of information has resulted in private sector vendors arguing that public electronic distribution and publication creates unfair competition. New partnerships, such as the recent venture between the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) and the commercial search engine, Northern Light, in developing the “usgovsearch” product are also being explored. From another viewpoint, library associations are strongly supporting legislation that would broaden, strengthen, and enhance public access to electronic government information. Key issues to be discussed are: (1) the debate concerning public vs. private access to government information; (2) Does electronic access to government information eliminate the need for printed documents? and (3) Joint efforts — when should the government team up with private sector allies to charge for information services and access?     

The Human Nature of Information Work

Though special libraries share concerns with their more general academic, public, and school counterparts, they also have unique characteristics which merit separate consideration. Libraries of all types are evolving, and just as special libraries can learn from the general literature on libraries, practitioners in general libraries can learn from the experiences and methods of special libraries. “The Specialist,” appearing in even-numbered issues of this journal, addresses the administrative concerns of special libraries. The column's scope includes corporate, non-profit, government, and independent libraries as well as the specialized departments and branches of academic and public libraries. Contributions from practitioners and scholars on any aspect of special libraries are welcome. Interested authors are invited to contact the editor at tmurray@stamps.org for submission guidelines.

In library and information science, there is a strong emphasis on technical skills like indexing, database design, and information retrieval. This column shows the importance of interpersonal skills, which reference librarians have traditionally employed, to the current special library environment. Librarians increasingly recognize that people seek information and knowledge from each other just as much if not more so than from databases and documents. Given appropriate mechanisms, experts readily share their knowledge. Decision makers seek information selected and curated by a knowledgeable human being, not just raw data.

At the same time, successful organizations recognize that the most important part of information management is not the library but the librarian, who can employ information strategically. The special library community should worry less about library closures and more about ensuring that librarians understand the work of their clients and deliver relevant information at the appropriate time with context and interpretation, making them an integral part of organizational decision-making.     

面向2035:建设中国特色世界一流公共图书馆体系

目前我国公共图书馆的设施总量、建筑面积总量和馆藏纸质图书总量三项基础性指标已居世界第一,一所设施平均覆盖人数和电子资源总量两项基础性指标已步入世界先进水平。与英、美、日、韩等国相比,目前我国存在短板,一是基层、农村公共图书馆质量水平低,二是基础资源人均拥有量低,三是体现服务效能的指标差距明显。英、美、日、韩等国公共图书馆步入世界先进水平的历程显示出一些基本规律:公共图书馆事业快速发展有赖于经济快速发展奠定坚实基础,公共图书馆整体跃升到世界先进水平一般经历10—20年,公共图书馆立法是推动事业快速发展的强大动力,加强基层、乡村公共图书馆建设是普遍重视的任务。我国公共图书馆迈向世界一流的重点举措包括:一是建设世界一流卓越公共图书馆群,打造100家主要共性指标处于世界领先水平、中国特色鲜明的标志性公共图书馆,拓展和深化"图书馆之城"建设;二是实施公共图书馆"强县馆"计划,主要包括县级公共图书馆资源保障和服务效能倍增"三步走"计划、县级公共图书馆数字服务能力提升计划;三是实施乡村公共阅读空间提质增效行动,推动农家书屋与县级图书馆总分馆体系融合发展,公共阅读广泛嵌入乡村文旅设施,新型公共阅读空间向乡村延伸。世界一流公共图书馆体系的中国特色主要表现在:公共图书馆事业纳入公共文化服务体系建设总体战略;满足人民文化需求和增强人民精神力量相统一;政府强有力主导公共图书馆体系建设;区域协作、对口帮扶,全国一盘棋促进公共图书馆均衡协同发展。     

Instructional practices in Canadian public libraries

This article reports on a national survey of information literacy (IL) instruction in urban and rural public libraries in Canada and public librarians' attitudes towards these services. The survey is the first phase of a study exploring the actual and potential role of Canadian public libraries in developing the public's IL skills. Despite an urgent need to develop such skills, and expectations that public libraries fulfill that role (specifically articulated by the federal government through its “Connecting Canadians” initiative), the real experiences of public librarians and of public library customers may not bear out this expectation. The survey analyzes the role of the public library, as a non-profit institution and primary stakeholder, in advancing federal government information policy. In addition, the study gives voice to a community of professionals expected to fulfill an important federal policy function, but provided with few resources with which to do so.