Response of a transmission tower-line system at a canyon site to spatially varying ground motions

Collapses of transmission towers were often observed in previous large earthquakes such as the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan and Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China. These collapses were partially caused by the pulling forces from the transmission lines generated from out-of-phase responses of the adjacent towers owing to spatially varying earthquake ground motions. In this paper, a 3D finite element model of the transmission tower-line system is established considering the geometric nonlinearity of transmission lines. The nonlinear responses of the structural system at a canyon site are analyzed subjected to spatially varying ground motions. The spatial variations of ground motion associated with the wave passage, coherency loss, and local site effects are given. The spatially varying ground motions are simulated stochastically based on an empirical coherency loss function and a filtered Tajimi-Kanai power spectral density function. The site effect is considered by a transfer function derived from 1D wave propagation theory. Compared with structural responses calculated using the uniform ground motion and delayed excitations, numerical results indicate that seismic responses of transmission towers and power lines are amplified when considering spatially varying ground motions including site effects. Each factor of ground motion spatial variations has a significant effect on the seismic response of the structure, especially for the local site effect. Therefore, neglecting the earthquake ground motion spatial variations may lead to a substantial underestimation of the response of transmission tower-line system during strong earthquakes. Each effect of ground motion spatial variations should be incorporated in seismic analysis of the structural system.     

Combinatorial model of solute transport in porous media

INTRODUCTION In recent years, modeling of solute transport inporous media remains a key issue in the area of soilphysics and hydrogeology, because anthropogenicchemicals frequently enter the soil, subsoil andaquifers, either by accident or by accepted man-agement practices, and the resulting chemicalresidues pose hazards to the environment. The movement of solute in porous media iscommonly described by the convection-dispersionequation (CDE) (Bear, 1972) developed and ex-tens…     

Combinatorial model of solute transport in porous media

Modeling of solute transport is a key issue in the area of soil physics and hydrogeology. The most common approach (the convection-dispersion equation) considers an average convection flow rate and Fickian-like dispersion. Here,we propose a solute transport model in porous media of continuously expanding scale, according to the combinatorics principle. The model supposed actual porous media as a combinative body of many basic segments. First, we studied the solute transport process in each basic segment body, and then deduced the distribution of pore velocity in each basic segment body by difference approximation, finally assembled the solute transport process of each basic segment body into one of the combinative body. The simulation result coincided with the solute transport process observed in test. The model provides useful insight into the solute transport process of the non-Fickian dispersion in continuously expanding scale.     

塔式建筑对大气扩散影响研究

1986年1月在深圳市罗湖区的南洋大夏(31层),现场监测了塔楼附近风速、风向、温度及汽车尾气污染物浓度随高度的变化,总结了一些规律。在此基础上,用SIMPLE方法模拟了北风、中性大气条件下南洋大厦附近的三维流场,用求对流扩散方程数值解的方法模拟了北风、中性大气条件下南洋大厦附近NOx的浓度分布,并与实测结果相比较。模拟结果表明,塔楼的风影能起到一个相当干烟囱的作用,对减轻街道面的汽车尾气污染有利。     

广西廉州湾海水DIN、DIP、COD污染物浓度数值模拟

根据2008年廉州湾主要排污口DIN、DIP、COD污染物排放通量,基于FVCOM模式建立了高分辨率的廉州湾三维潮流数值模型及DIN、DIP、COD迁移—转化动力学模型,模拟了廉州湾DIN、DIP、COD污染物浓度分布,模拟结果与2009年6月监测结果进行比较分析,具有较高的一致性.廉州湾生态模型可以较好地模拟出廉州湾的污染物空间分布特征.模拟结果可为廉州湾水质监管、入海污染物总量控制提供科学依据.     

结晶器数学模型的广义矩变换解法

结晶器数学模型由粒数衡算方程、溶质质量衡算方程、晶体生长和成核动力学方程及相应的初值与边界条件组成，为一组偏微分一常微分方程。把矩变换的定义从整数域扩展到实数域并扩展定义晶体尺寸后。矩变换能将与粒度有关的生长的结晶器模型化为一组常微分方程。对Bransom模型、ASL模型、Strong模型描述的三种结晶器模型进行变换后导出了相应的常徽分方程组，为最一般的结晶器数学模型的求解提供一种通用的方法。以分批式结晶器为例。给出了一个算例。     

Linking Physical and Numerical Modelling in Hydrogeology using Sand Tank Experiments and COMSOL Multiphysics

Visualising subsurface processes in hydrogeology and building intuition for how these processes are controlled by changes in forcing is hard for many undergraduate students. While numerical modelling is one way to help undergraduate students explore outcomes of multiple scenarios, many codes are not user‐friendly with respect to defining domains, boundary conditions, and coupling processes, and numerical modelling exercises are also often disconnected from systems that the students understand, limiting their ability to extrapolate what they have learned for other situations. Here, we test the hypothesis that hydrogeology students will better estimate rates of groundwater flow and contaminant transport and the magnitudes of the parameters that control flow and transport by linking physical and numerical models. We present an exercise that links physical and numerical modelling of fluid flow and solute transport using 2‐D ‘ant farm’ sand tanks with parallel models in COMSOL Multiphysics. The sand tank exercises provide students with a way to visualise subsurface flow and transport processes, while COMSOL allows them to explicitly pull apart the mathematics associated with these systems and build intuition for their solutions. Given coupled experimentation and numerical exercises, we find that students will connect processes that they see in the laboratory with the outcomes of numerical models, and the post‐exercise tests indicate that they have an improved understanding of: (1) the magnitude and importance of properties and parameters that control flow and transport and (2) the simplifications made in numerical models of physical systems.     

Determination of Diffusion Coefficient and Analysis of Diffusion Factors of Cr(Ⅵ) Ion in Clay Soil

Some laboratory diffusion tests were conducted with diffusion device to determine the diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) ion passing through Dalian red clay samples. The concentrations of Cr(Ⅵ) at different places of the samples were then measured spectrophotometrically after a standing time of 1 000 d. A one-dimensional solute transport equation was used to simulate the transport of Cr(Ⅵ) through clay samples. Back-calculation of diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) was made with finite difference method. Parametric...     

Numerical simulation and structure improvement of double throttling in a high parameter pressure reducing valve

In this paper,a new pressure reducing valve(PRV) with an orifice plate is proposed.The main objective is to explain the mechanisms of pressure reduction and energy conversion in the new PRV.A numerical simulation method was used to investigate the PRV internal flow field and to analyze the throttling effects of the orifice plate and the transform of thermal parameters as outlet pressure,outlet temperature,velocity,and superheat.A structure improvement method for the valve body and orifice plate is put forward to reduce energy loss.The governing equations for internal flow numerical simulation are composed of the continuity,momentum,energy and k-ε transport equations,based on isotropic eddy viscosity theory.Different valve plug displacement models were built to describe the double throttling process.Our analysis shows that the steam pressure drops twice and the degree of superheat increases.There are also lots of eddies which clog the flow channel and disturb the steam flow in the valve cavity after the valve plug and the outlet cavity.After modifying the structure,the numerical results show a better performance of steam flow.     

承压含水层中反应性溶质运移实验与模拟研究——以苯胺和1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸钠为例

反应性溶质运移机理和模拟是地下水污染防治的前提和基础.为了考察化学反应和水流条件对溶质运移的影响,本文设计了承压含水层物理模型,以苯胺和1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸钠化学反应为例,开展了双分子化学反应条件下不同流速溶质运移实验和模拟研究,得到主要结论如下：（1）利用变系数二级反应率改进的ADRE模型能够较好地模拟在3种不同流速下双分子反应性溶质运移行为,峰值浓度相对误差分别为4.5％、5.0％及10.1％,模型可行,且模拟精度较高.（2）随着流速增大,模型参数m减小,而β0则增大.（3）模型对参数m值变化最敏感,其次是β0值,较不敏感的是弥散系数D.（4）随着流速增大,反应物和产物穿透曲线的不规则性加强,存在较明显的“拖尾”现象,今后需要进行机理方面的研究.     

矩形隧道中无线电波的衰减特性分析

通过数值仿真研究了矩形隧道中的电磁场损耗问题。分析了电磁波衰减受相对介电常数、隧道壁粗糙程度、隧道壁的倾斜程度的影响。随着无线通信系统频率的变大,无线电波在巷道内传输的衰减越小,巷道壁粗糙所引起的损耗也越小,但巷道壁倾斜引起的损耗因素将加大。在实际应用中要综合考虑这些因素对电磁波损耗的影响。     

Determination of Diffusion Coefficient and Analysis of Diffusion Factors of Cr（Ⅵ） Ion in Clay Soil

Some laboratory diffusion tests were conducted with diffusion device to determine the diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) ion passing through Dalian red clay samples. The concentrations of Cr(Ⅵ) at different places of the samples were then measured spectrophotometrically after a standing time of 1 000 d. A one-dimensional solute transport equation was used to simulate the transport of Cr(Ⅵ) through clay samples. Back-calculation of diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) was made with finite difference method. Parametric analysis was conducted to simulate variations in soil dry density, temperature, pH and standing time. The results show that the method used in this paper is simple and effective. The diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) in Dalian red clay varies from 1.50×10-7 cm2/s to 2.08×10-7 cm2/s. After 1 000 d diffusion, the concentration of the source solution drops down to 1.27 mg/L from 62.5 mg/L, and the diffusion distance is only 3.5 cm. Under the assumption that diffusion coefficient is constant, the diffusion effect becomes more obvious with lower density, lower temperature, higher pH value, and much more time.     

矩形隧道中无线电波的衰减特性分析

通过数值仿真研究了矩形隧道中的电磁场损耗问题。分析了电磁波衰减受相对介电常数、隧道壁粗糙程度、隧道壁的倾斜程度的影响。随着无线通信系统频率的变大,无线电波在巷道内传输的衰减越小,巷道壁粗糙所引起的损耗也越小,但巷道壁倾斜引起的损耗因素将加大。在实际应用中要综合考虑这些因素对电磁波损耗的影响。     

A MODIFIED CRANK－NICOLSON SCHEME FOR THE INITIAL－BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM OF SUPERTHERMAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT EQUATION

ＡＭＯＤＩＦＩＥＤＣＲＡＮＫ－ＮＩＣＯＬＳＯＮＳＣＨＥＭＥＦＯＲＴＨＥＩＮＩＴＩＡＬ－ＢＯＵＮＤＡＲＹＶＡＬＵＥＰＲＯＢＬＥＭＯＦＳＵＰＥＲＴＨＥＲＭＡＬＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＮＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴＥＱＵＡＴＩＯＮＳｕｎＺｈｉｚｈｏｎｇ（孙志忠）（Ｄｅｐａｒｔ...     

城市表层土壤重金属污染分析

通过空间插值法将离散点的测量数据转换为连续的数据曲面,采用内梅罗综合指数法和单因子指数法分析土壤重金属的污染程度;基于物质扩散原理,建立重金属污染物浓度与距离空间关系的偏微分方程,利用最小二乘法拟合出参数,进而确定污染源.另外,考虑地表土壤疏松程度、水体流动这两项来优化模型,从而可以更好地研究城市地质环境的演变模式.     

Elementary Introduction to Electrodynamics

Objectionable examples of time-varying electromagnetic fields occurring in elementary textbooks are pointed out and the difficulties arising in connection with them are discussed. The interdependence of spatial and time variations of the electromagnetic fields is recalled. As an illustration, two simple examples are given to show how the variation of fields with time is automatically determined by the wave equation and initial spatial distribution. It is suggested that only fields which satisfy the wave equation be used in textbooks.     

Vertical distribution of sediment concentration

A simple formula is proposed to predict the vertical distribution of a suspended load concentration in a 2D steady turbulent flow. The proposed formula significantly improves the well-known Rouse formula where sediment concentration has an infinitely large value at the channel bottom and a zero value at the water surface. Based on this formula and the logarithmic velocity profile, a theoretical elementary function for the transport rate of a suspended load is developed. This equation improves the Einstein equation in which the unit-width suspended sediment discharge must be solved by numerical integration and a contradiction between the lower limit of the integral and that of velocity distribution exists.     

Dimensionless study on outlet flow characteristics of an air-driven booster

Air-driven boosters are widely used to obtain high-pressure gas. Through analysis of the boosting process of an air-driven booster, the basic mathematical model of working processes can be set up. By selecting the appropriate reference values, the basic mathematical model is transformed to a dimensionless expression. Using MATLAB/Simulink for simulation and studying the booster experimentally, the dimensionless outlet flow characteristics of the booster were obtained and the simulation results agree well with the experimental results. Through analysis, it can be seen that the dimensionless outlet flow of the booster is mainly determined by the dimensionless input pressure of the driving chamber, the dimensionless outlet condition pressure of the booster and the dimensionless area of the piston in the driving chamber. The dimensionless average outlet flow becomes larger with an increasing dimensionless input pressure of the driving chamber, but it becomes smaller with an increase in the dimensionless outlet condition pressure of the booster. Especially when the dimensionless outlet condition pressure is approximately 1.4, the dimensionless average outlet flow reaches zero. With an increase in the dimensionless area of the piston in the driving chamber, the dimensionless average outlet flow increases and peaks at approximately 1.89, and after this peak, it starts to decrease. This research can be referred to in the design of air-driven boosters.     

One-dimensional coupled model for landfill gas and water transport in layered unsaturated soil cover systems

Cover systems are used to prevent water infiltration into a waste body. They also play an important role in controlling landfill gas transport from the waste body to the atmosphere. It is important to assess the flux of landfill gas at the surface of a cover system by considering the coupled effects of rainwater infiltration and gas transport in the cover soils. We have developed a 1D mathematical model for coupled transient gas and water transport in unsaturated cover soils. The coupled model was solved by the finite element method. Results obtained by the proposed model agreed well with experimental data. Based on the proposed solution, the influences of gas pressure, gas permeability, and the thickness of the cover soils on soil gas concentration profiles were investigated. The difference in soil gas concentration reached up to 31% as the thickness of cover increased from 1 to 2 m. Gas concentration at a depth of 0.2 m decreased by 6% as the amplitude of atmospheric gas pressure fluctuation increased from 20 to 100 Pa. The gas concentration increased by only 3% when gas permeability increased by a factor of 2 for a relatively long period of gas migration (e.g., 60 h) under the given conditions. Results suggest that both diffusion and advection should be considered when estimating gas transport in unsaturated cover soils. The numerical model can be used in the design of cover systems in relation to gas breakthrough time, breakthrough concentration, and flux.     

SK型静态混合器的数值模拟

利用专业的多物理场耦合软件COSMOLMultiphysics对sK型静态混合器内的不可压缩层流流场进行了仿真模拟,计算过程中采用软件中的层流流动和稀物质的传递内置模块,得到了静态混合物中流体的浓度场、速度场及压力场分布。由于螺旋混合元件的作用,流体做螺旋运动,通过对流体的剪切、旋转,使流体充分混合,结果在出口处几乎混合完全。利用后处理软件对计算结果进行分析,为其性能测试提供了理论依据。