新形势下高等教育考试命题的导向和方法研究

建设创新型国家,实施人才强国战略,对高校培养造就高素质创新型人才提出了更加紧迫的任务 和要求.作为"指挥棒"的考试,对教育活动具有很强的导向作用,为此,高等教育的测试命题工作应把握国家"培养具有一定理论知识和较强实践能力的技术应用型人才"的基本方向,依照层级增进理论,改变偏重记忆性知识的低层次能力考查为重分析和综合等高层次能力考查,并对考试命题素材的来源和加工问题进行分析.     

Efficiency and equity in Japanese higher education

The historical background and institutional characteristics of theJapanese system of higher education are described and then analysed withparticular reference to their relationship to both efficiency and equity.Post-World War II developments are shown to have initiated a movement fromwhat was a system of government regulation towards one which is moremarket-orientated, including a measure of market segmentation. Thesignificance of a fast-growing private sector is emphasised. The socialcharacteristics of the present-day Japanese system are analysed in terms ofthe employment of graduates, the rate of return and the economic use offinancial and human resources. Factors such as family income, background andregion of residence all influence opportunities and it is argued that thesystem cannot be considered as being entirely meritocratic. Nor can it bedescribed as being dependent on market forces; though both price andacademic quality affect student choice of institutions, the two are notnecessarily correlated. The social and economic consequences of the systemare complex and the author concludes by discussing these in the context oflikely changes in the future.     

Finance reform in Japanese higher education

One of the characteristics in Japan's system of higher education is its large private higher education sector. However, recent financing reforms have targetedmainly national universities since the largestproportion of government support to highereducation goes to these institutions. Recentreforms have been changing the structure and natureof national university finance. These changeswere also influenced by a large private sector. Private universities also compete with nationaluniversities in order to increase financialresources. Therefore, there is a need toreconsider resource allocation and thedistribution of functions among whole universities.     

Policy issue in Japanese higher education

Traditionally Japanese governments avoided as far as possible directinterference in higher education policy. In part this was due to concern notto infringe academic freedom and in part a reflection of the major effortbeing made to develop and expand education at the pre-higher educationstages. When demand for higher education did increase, it was readily met byexpanding the private sector.The debate on higher education generated by campus unrest in the late1960s led during the 1970s to discussion on the governance of highereducation and also to some new initiatives such as the creation of theUniversity of Tsukuba and the University of the Air. In the 1980s a newadvisory body, Daigakushin, was created and several new administrativemeasures introduced. Thus, by the 1990s, it could be said that highereducation had become an important policy issue in Japan.The article discusses the reform movement under the following headings:de-regulation and moves towards self-regulation; accountability; highereducation as an economic resource; and internationalization. Some furtherchallenges are reviewed, notably the impact of future demographic changewhen the relevant age cohorts decrease. This is all the more significantsince so much of the system relies on the private sector which is in turndependent on fee-income. The article also draws attention to evidence thatJapanese industry is changing its expectations of what higher educationshould be providing for its students.     

Mathematics entrance examinations in Chinese institutions of higher education

For thousands of years examinations have set the standards for education in China. While in traditional China, examinations were humanistic in their outlook and mediated against scientific studies, in the Peoples Republic of China, the opposite situation exists. The examination system, as now carried out in the PRC, stresses the sciences, particularly mathematics. This paper examines the format and contents of recent mathematics papers set for the Chinese University Entrance Examinations and raises some issues concerning the efficacy of the examination process itself, and the mathematics it advocates, in meeting the developmental needs of the Chinese state.     

The Japanese education system with special emphasis on higher education

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief analysis of the Japanese educational system and to give a somewhat detailed discussion of Japanese higher education. Its main conclusions are: although the bulk of higher education is catered for privately, the prestige institutions tend to be public ones; the character of the system as a whole seems to reflect Japanese society very clearly indeed since it supports high growth industries, reinforces the traditionally accepted distinction between the sexes, and determines both the structure of wages and salaries in general and its sex variance in particular; and that there are very serious problems currently confronting Japanese educationalists - these relate to the official inspection of textbooks, the emergence of anti-teacher violence within schools and the reduction in the size of the public subsidy to private education.The authors are extremely grateful for helpful comments and suggestions from Margaret B. Sutherland, Professor of Education, University of Leeds and Dr. Penny Francks, specialist on modern Japanese history at the Department of Chinese Studies, University of Leeds. However, the usual disclaimer applies.Ali M. El-Agraa is a Senior Lecturer in Economics, School of Economic Studies, University of Leeds, England and is the Visiting Professor in charge of International Economics and Middle Eastern Studies, Graduate School of International Relations, International University of Japan, Niigata for the period September 1984–August 1985. Akira Ichii is Professor of Economics, University of Chuo in Tokyo and is currently (April 1982–March 1984) a Visiting Fellow in the School of Economic Studies, University of Leeds.     

日本高等教育的大众化与特罗“理论”

马丁·特罗对于高等教育三个发展阶段的特性和结构的论述有先见性和预见性 ,但该理论也有其局限性 ,它只是根据欧洲和美国高等教育的经验建立起来的 ,缺乏有关亚洲、特别是东亚在 2 0世纪 70年代正发生变化的信息和知识 ,没有预想到信息技术的惊人发展所带来的变化等。日本的历史经验告诉我们 :由于存在着“日本式的”私立高等教育 ,使得日本能够在短时期内赶超上欧洲各国的高等教育毛入学率 ,而且以高于欧洲各国的速度实现了大众化。     

The affective assemblage of internationalisation in Japanese higher education

Higher Education - Positive attributes stick to higher education internationalisation, and it is a policy paradigm with performative effects. Internationalisation draws on imagined virtuous flows...     

The quality assurance system and market forces in Japanese higher education

This article analyzes thedevelopment of the quality assurance system andchanges in market forces in higher education inJapan. First, the article focuses on thefunction and impact of self-monitoring andself-evaluation systems as unique processesoriented towards decentralization and internalreflection. Second, the changes in marketforces in higher education during rapideconomic globalization are discussed. Third,the possibility of external evaluation by theNational Institution for Academic Degrees isintroduced as a bureaucratic approach to showaccountability in the national universitysystem. Finally, the relationship between thechanges in the quality assurance system and thechanges in market forces is addressed.     

Achievement at the higher education entry examinations in Greece: A Procrustean approach

The paper examines the way the national higher education entryexaminations in Greece are used to determine entry into the 100 percentgovernment-controlled state tertiary education system. The databaserefers to the population of all secondary education graduates taking (ornot taking) the June 2000 national secondary school examination. Thereis considerable achievement variation across regions and types ofschool. Poor districts, evening schools, and state schools areassociated with lower achievement. Private schools are associated withhigher achievement, even controlling for parental schooling and wealth.Regardless of the student's achievement in the national examinations,entry each year is mainly determined by the number of available places.Given the fact the state cannot afford to provide free access to allthose who want entry, the non-university cycle has expanded rapidly toaccommodate a greater number of students into ``higher educationtechnological institutes' that are most frequently not the candidates'first choice. Thus, the fable of Procrustes is revived in modernGreece.     

Independence and choice: Western impacts on Japanese higher education

Japan's universities were established in order to import Western knowledge and ideas to assist in the development of the nation beginning in the mid-19th century. Because it was never colonized and because it has sucessfully developed not only its academic system but also its economy, Japan is a particularly significant case study. Japan's academic development can be seen in two phases. First there was a window shopping period in which many Western models were explored and some partially adopted. Second, there has been an involvement mode in which specific Western models are adopted. This essay follows the development of Japanese higher education through its various phases, including the post World War Two impact of the United States and the growth of a mass university system. The process of internationalization of various foreign influences is examined.     

日本高等职业教育发展面临的挑战与应对措施

上世纪九十年代以来,日本的社会上出现了国际化、信息化、少子化的现象,他们所造成的结果就是日本选择高职教育的人数减少,高职毕业生的就业压力加大,高职院校的经费不足等一系列问题。为了解决这些问题,日本的高职院校采取了一系列措施,包括加强与普通教育的联系、加强社会监督、课程改革等。     

The knowledge society and the internationalization of Japanese higher education

The internationalization of higher education is considered to be a major policy agenda in the global knowledge society. For Japan, internationalization has been a key driver in academic and social advancement, while its traditional culture and national identity have also been retained. Recently, a series of policies have been presented by the government, university, and industry to attract more students and top calibre researchers from Asia and further afield, and to enhance exchange and collaboration, internationalization at home, and global human resource development. Concurrently, the controversial nature of internationalization has been pointed out, as well as the stagnant mobility of Japanese students and their inward-looking attitude. This paper discusses the internationalization of Japanese higher education by examining the relevant policy, practice, and perceptions of the people and institutions concerned. The major findings reveal the complexity of internationalization as a dynamic process of change, its vulnerability and marginality, and the extent of the gap between policy and practice. The author also addresses the increased relevance of the research in this field to policy-making and practice in education and its contribution to the production of new knowledge.     

美国大学补习教育及其启示

在美国,为大学生提供补习教育是一种极其普遍的现象,其对象主要是那些缺乏基本的读、写、算技能的大学新生,目的在于通过一年左右的补习教育使这些学生获得大学学习所要求的基本的读、写、算的技能,以帮助学生顺利地适应大学的学习生活而过渡到高年级学习。美国大学所实施的补习教育对于提高我国大学对新生适应问题的重视、解决新生所面临的问题有着积极的启示。     

White Western male teachers constructing academic identities in Japanese higher education

In research on gender and teaching in higher education, the experiences of male teachers as men, and of whiteness in a non-majority-white context have received little attention. As one step towards addressing this gap in the literature, this paper analyses interview accounts of white Western men working as English language teachers in Japanese higher education. The paper demonstrates, first, ways in which disembodied academic identities are constructed by erasing the men's racialised gender and sexuality. Second, it shows how favourable images of white Western male teachers are produced through a series of negative contrasts based on gender and race. Third, it suggests that men's homosocial networks may serve to facilitate male predominance in the Japanese university system. The analysis contributes to current understandings about the construction of white Western masculinities in academic institutions, in international education, and in English language teaching as a globalised industry.     

日本高等教育大众化的负面影响及原因分析

日本社会在 2 0世纪六七十年代扩大高等教育规模的过程中要求控制高等教育发展的呼声很高。这一时期日本高等教育出现了“大学纷争”、教育质量下降、大学毕业生就业难、升学竞争加剧、校历主义等现象 ,全面分析导致这些现象的内在原因 ,对我国高等教育的大众化发展方向有参考价值     

The tortoise and the hare enigma in e-transformation in Japanese and Korean higher education

Japan and Korea have highly developed information and communications technology infrastructures and have recently reformed their higher education systems and encouraged e-transformation. However, Japanese universities have not embraced e-learning as wholeheartedly as their Korean counterparts. The paper concludes that this is due to governmental and institutional failure to develop a cogent vision and strategic plan for e-learning, to recognise the need for fundamental shifts in organisational cultures and structures and pedagogy and to provide training, funding, recognition and reward for such development. It attributes this to differences in the cultural perspectives, values and customs of the two countries' policy makers, managers and faculty members. The findings are seen to hold important lessons for other countries embarking on e-transformation.     

Who should pay for higher education? A Japanese perspective

A key question is whether or not beneficiaries should pay the entire cost of their higher education. It is clear that the benefits of higher education are broad. They extend to the public domain and are not limited to individual interests. Therefore, the fundamental question is always to what extent and in what form public funds should be used to support higher education. Should such support be given by means of institutional aid or through student loans? This article examines some theories and practices from the Japanese perspective.     

日本私立高等教育经费来源探析

日本私立高等教育的经费来源呈现出多渠道的特点,主要包括政府财政资助、学费、捐款、学校经营创收等。其中,政府的财政资助是日本私立高等教育发展的重要保障,学费是私立高等教育经费的主要构成部分。探寻日本私立高等教育经费的构成及其特点,将对改变我国民办高等教育经费来源单一化的局面有所裨益。