街舞流行的动因、诱因和原因

街舞是20世纪90年代以来在中国青少年中最流行的一种体育运动文化。文章从社会文化学、心理学的视角分析街舞在我国流行的原因,认为经济、社会背景是街舞兴起的外在动因,本土文化的缺失是街舞兴起的内在诱因,与青少年心理的契合是它兴起的根本原因。     

街舞教学小议

街舞运动在20世纪70年代末、80年代初始创于美国纽约贫困工薪阶级的少数民族中。它是在音乐伴奏下运用各种不同类型的舞蹈动作,融体操、舞蹈、音乐为一体的身体练习形式。由于这种舞蹈出现在街头,且不拘于场地器械,所以称之为“街舞”。它具有极强的参与性、竞赛性和表演性,由此可将其分为健身街舞、竞技街舞和表演街舞三种形式。在街舞运动逐渐发展的过程中,街舞爱好者形成了一种共同的思想理念和行为方式, 他们以街舞来张扬自我个性,展示青春的活力和激情,表达勇于进取的生活态度,他们强调的是“做自己,享受生命,勇于挑战”的理念。     

街头舞者

街舞是起源于美国．基于不同的街头文化或音乐风格而产生的多个不同种类的舞蹈的统称。最早的街舞舞种为Locking．起源于20世纪六十年代。（街舞的英文翻译有且仅有StreetDance这一种，     

街舞文化

从美国到中国,街舞的发展坎坷曲折,度过了30多个年头．本文主要介绍国外街舞文化的种类及街舞进入中国后的发展,力图让更多的人认识街舞并关注街舞运动,并促进我国街舞文化的发展。     

街舞运动的文化特征与功能

为了更高层次上理解、认识街舞运动以及挖掘街舞运动社会文化功能，从文化学的角度，探讨了街舞运动所具有的健身性和艺术性、多样性和变异性、国际性和地域性、竞争性和自由性、兼容性和从属性的文化特征，分析了街舞运动在人的社会化、人生命价值观的表意性符号、社会经济发展、实施全民健身战略、构建和谐社会等方面具有的文化功能。     

街舞与青少年文化分析

青年街舞的文化意义在于,它以体育为主要载体,反映了青少年对外来文化的吸收、消化与发展。街舞在中国青少年中流行的原因,既有青少年自身内心的需求,也有受时尚潮流的洗礼。街舞对校园文化建设能够起到积极的作用,但是也要看到街舞热潮下,本土青少年文化的缺失。     

街舞运动风靡于世界的原因分析及趋势预测

街舞运动于20世纪70年代末创始于美国,并在90年代末期传入我国,而且正受到越来越多的年轻朋友的喜爱.从街舞运动的特点分析了其风靡于世界的原因,并对该项运动未来的发展趋势进行了预测.     

20世纪60年代以来美国青年文化与极限运动的发展

20世纪60年代的美国青年文化运动推动了部分极限运动项目的诞生,使早期的极限运动带有明显的青年叛逆文化特征.然而随着美国青年文化的发展与转向,极限运动的叛逆特征也逐渐弱化,转向了以追求休闲娱乐、回归自然等为目的的多元价值取向,从而表现出了极限运动发展同青年文化发展的内在一致性.     

第三届青奥会新项目设置对我国青少年街舞发展的启示

运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等,以第三届青奥会街舞项目设置为起点,探究青奥文化与街舞文化的交融与发展。新视角探析街舞文化在青年奥林匹克文化的感染下对我国青少年体育运动发展的促进。推进青少年体育综合发展,引导和激励我国青少年体育向强国发展,构建良好的街舞发展环境。在2018年青奥会街舞项目首次亮相的契机下,从文化的宣传与渗透、人才的选定与培养、赛事的优化与整合等几个方向进行思考。     

街舞运动文化在我国兴起的动因分析

采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,对街舞运动文化的起源、发展、价值以及在我国发展状况分析的基础上,剖析了街舞运动文化兴起的动因,旨在为街舞运动在我国的良性发展提供一点线索。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。     

Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed

The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s :age 23 +/- 4 years;body mass 69.7 +/- 9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23 +/- 4 years; body mass 72.7 +/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 ; and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 or the lactate minimum speed.In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO 2max (from 47.9 +/- 8.4 to 52.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3 +/- 1.7 to 13.9 +/- 1.6 km.h -1 ), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 1.8 km.h -1 ) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 (from 12.5 +/- 2.2 to 13.2 +/- 2.1 km.h -1 ) (all P ? 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.9 +/- 1.7 km.h -1 ). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed,when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity.