对立违抗儿童家庭问题分析

对立违抗障碍(Oppositional Defiant Disorder,ODD)是一种以对权威人物的抗拒、挑衅、公然违抗、敌对等行为为典型特征的儿童破坏性行为障碍。通过对29组被评定为ODD的有隔代抚养独生子女儿童及其家长、教师的访谈分析发现,ODD儿童不仅会对抗家长、教师等权威人物,消极抵制或公然违抗家长、教师的指令,而且容易在同伴交往中被激惹或故意激惹他人,对他人的无意行为反应过度,甚至失去控制打骂他人。从家庭系统的角度分析访谈内容发现,ODD儿童的症状更多是家庭问题的呈现,而家庭互动方式和家庭关系则是导致症状产生的主要家庭原因。其中,家庭互动方式是直接的浅层次的原因,而家庭关系则是隐藏在背后的深层次原因。在家庭互动方式上,ODD儿童的家庭整体水平(如家庭亲密度低、家庭冲突性高)、互动水平(父母对待孩子高要求和控制、溺爱与纵容、教养不一致、情感虐待)和个体水平(父母的自卑与补偿、期待投射)都存在较多问题。在家庭关系上,ODD儿童的家庭存在儿童亲职化、替罪羔羊、跨代联盟、等级结构和多代传递等问题。隔代抚养、独生子女的问题会在具体家庭互动方式和家庭关系中体现出来并影响到ODD儿童的症状。     

初中生家庭教养方式对其心理健康发展的影响研究

本文首先对家庭教养方式的内涵及表现形式进行界定,并针对初中生心理发展的特点,简要分析了初中生家庭教养方式对初中生心理健康发展的影响,提出了一些提升与改善家庭教养方式的建议。旨在让家长充分认识到良好的家庭教育以及和谐的家庭氛围对初中生心理健康发展的重要性。     

家庭教养方式对儿童社会化发展的影响

儿童的社会化发展是从家庭开始的，在诸多影响儿童社会化的家庭环境因素中，家庭教养方式是最主要的因素。家庭教养方式是指母在教育抚养子女的日常活动中表现出的一种行为倾向，是其教育观念和教育行为的综合体现。通过父母的教养行为，把社会的价值观念、行为方式、态度体系以及社会道德规范传授给儿童，并由此构成了儿童社会化的具体内容和目标。发展心理学研究表明，积极的亲子关系有利于儿童在社会化过程中的亲社会性的发展，反之，消极、对抗性的亲子关系则促使了儿童的攻击性和破坏性行为的出现。     

家庭教养方式对儿童发展的影响

家庭教养方式一直是教育学、心理学研究的重要内容之一。因为父母是儿童的第一任教师,家庭教养方式对儿童未来的发展起着举足轻重的作用。该文就从家庭教养方式的分类及其对儿童发展的影响上进行了简要的阐述,以比较不同家庭教养方式的优劣,从而建立科学的家庭教养方式。     

家庭教养方式如何影响儿童问题行为?

基于湖北省8市18县(区)1850个家庭的调查数据,本文考察了家庭教养方式对儿童问题行为的影响及其作用机制.研究发现:家庭教养方式对儿童问题行为有显著影响,权威型教养方式总体上有利于抑制儿童的问题行为,而忽视型教养方式下的儿童更容易出现问题行为,家庭教养方式对儿童问题行为的影响效应因儿童个体特征、家长教育素养的不同而存在差异.家庭教育具有复杂性和多元性,家长应采取何种教养方式以抑制儿童问题行为,既取决于儿童的个性特征,也取决于家长自身的教育素养.从家庭教育政策视野看,重点关注忽视型家庭的子女教育问题,重视家长教育素养提升,提高家庭教育指导的精准性和有效性,是促进儿童社会行为发展的有效途径.     

家庭教养方式对儿童道德发展的影响及家庭德育策略

家庭教养方式是影响儿童道德发展的重要因素。父母积极的教养方式(如温暖、鼓励、支持等)有助于儿童道德的发展,父母消极的教养方式(如严厉管教、控制、忽视等)会阻碍儿童道德的发展。儿童道德发展及家庭德育面临诸多问题,如家长自身道德素养亟待提高,忽视儿童身心发展规律及德育养成规律,重智育、轻德育,父亲教养缺位严重,留守与流动儿童家庭德育缺失,家庭、学校、社区未能密切配合等。促进儿童道德发展、改进家庭德育现状,需要多方共同努力,家长要进行"适度"与"关爱"教育,父亲要承担应尽之责,此外,还需要传承培育良好家风,关心关爱留守与流动儿童,加强家庭德育横向衔接,做好"互联网+"时代下的家庭德育。     

家庭教养方式对儿童社会化影响的研究

采用光沉积-液相化学法调节电子流向,构建了直接Z型TiO₂/Ag/Ag₃PO_{(4 )}(TAAPO)光催化材料.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪以及光致发光(PL)光谱仪等手段对其进行表征,并对其在可见光照射下催化降解环丙沙星(CIP)的性能进行了研究.结果表明,当水体pH为3.0,催化剂分散浓度为0.3 g/L,CIP的初始浓度为15 mg/L时,光催化降解体系能够取得最佳的去除效果.在该组条件下,光照120 min CIP的降解率约为99%,并且在经历4个循环后仍然保持了良好的降解效果.在光催化降解CIP的过程中,主要反应活性物种为超氧自由基(·O₂     

全职太太型家庭子女教养方式的质性研究

一、研究背景和问题的提出 随着近年来经济的发展，大多数家庭经济状况有了明显改善，再加上社会的改革和结构调控，全职家庭型户型的增加日趋显著。这类家庭的孩子会得到比其他户型的孩子更多的关爱吗？这类孩子受到的教养会比其他孩子有明显的优势吗？这些在家以教养孩子为主要任务的太太们是如何做的，得到了什么样的结果，存在着什么问题？可见全职太太型家庭子女教养问题亦是我们教育研究中不可回避的问题，是家庭教育研究的重要组成部分。     

家庭教养不同方式对初中生学习动机的影响

采用学习动机诊断测验(MAAT)和父母家庭教养方式问卷(EMBU),对南京市某中学七至九年级的436名学生进行问卷调查,探讨家庭教养方式对初中生学习动机的影响。结果表明,家庭教养方式对被试学习动机有预测作用。学校可以从家长指导、心理活动、教师工作、学生个别辅导等方面着手,发挥家庭教育对学生学习动机的促进作用。     

重视家庭教养方式 培养儿童良好性格

家庭教养方式是指父母在抚养、教育儿童的活动中通常使用的方法和形式，是父母各种教养行为的特征概括，是一种具有相对稳定的行为风格。许多研究表明，在性格形成中起重要作用的是家庭，家庭被称为“创造人类性格的工作”。家庭教养方式是否得当，直接关系到儿童良好性格的形成。     

Contributions of Maternal Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms to Parenting

Objective. The goal of the current study was to examine the impact of maternal attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms on several dimensions of parenting. Design. One-hundred seven mothers of young adolescents provided ratings of their own attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, depressive symptoms, and parenting behavior, as well as their adolescents’ aggressive behaviors. Results. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the relative contributions of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms to parenting. Greater levels of maternal attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology were associated with poorer monitoring, whereas more oppositional defiant disorder symptoms were associated with lower levels of parenting involvement and positive reinforcement and higher levels of overreactivity and use of corporal punishment. Conclusions. Maternal oppositional defiant disorder behaviors were particularly associated with negative, affective dimensions of parenting. Understanding the impact of maternal attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms on parenting may require consideration of concomitant maternal oppositional defiant disorder symptoms.     

Associations of Parenting Styles and Dimensions with Academic Achievement in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analysis

Parents and researchers alike are interested in how to promote children’s academic competence. The present meta-analysis integrates the results of 308 empirical studies on associations of general parenting dimensions and styles with academic achievement of children and adolescents assessed via grade point average or academic achievement tests. Parental responsiveness (warmth), behavioral control, autonomy granting, and an authoritative parenting style were associated with better academic performance both concurrently and in longitudinal studies, although these associations were small in a statistical sense. Parental harsh control, and psychological control, as well as neglectful, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles were related to lower achievement with small to very small effect sizes. With three exceptions, parenting dimensions and styles also predicted change in academic achievement over time. Moderating effects of child age, ethnicity, reporter on parenting and academic achievement, quality of the parenting and achievement measure, and publication status were identified. It is concluded that associations of academic achievement with general parenting dimensions/styles tend to be smaller than associations of school-specific parental involvement which have been addressed in previous meta-analyses.     

大学新生父母教养方式与积极心理品质关系研究

目的:探讨大学新生积极心理品质与父母教养方式关系。方法:采用积极心理品质量表和父母教养方式量表对大学新生进行测试。结果:(1)大学新生积极心理品质处于中等水平。(2)大学新生积极心理品质总体水平不存在性别、独生子女与否和城乡差异,某些维度上存在显著差异。(3)积极教养方式与积极心理品质某些维度显著正相关,消极教养方式与积极心理品质的某些维度显著负相关。母亲的情感温暖能正向预测大学生的积极心理品质。结论:父母教养方式与大学新生积极心理品质密切相关。     

特殊家庭教养方式与子女心理健康状况的关系

采用自编的中小学生教养方式评价问卷和中小学生心理健康状况测查问卷测查了526名特殊家庭和510名普通家庭的中小学生及其教养人,旨在探讨特殊家庭教养人的教养方式及其与子女心理健康状况的关系.结果表明,相对于普通家庭,特殊家庭教养人在教养子女时更多地采用惩罚严厉的教养方式,其情感温暖也更少.不同类型特殊家庭教养人教养方式的比较显示,流动、分居、离异家庭教养人的教养方式较消极,留守家庭教养人的教养方式相对较积极.特殊家庭小学生教养人的教养方式优于特殊家庭初中生教养人的教养方式,女生教养人的教养方式优于男生.教养人的情感温暖有利于提高特殊家庭子女的心理健康状况,教养人的拒绝否认、干涉保护、惩罚严厉等教养方式对特殊家庭子女的心理健康不利.     

成人依恋类型影响社交焦虑障碍发生的回归分析

本研究的目的在于对成人依恋类型与社交焦虑障碍的关系进行深入探讨，为建立SAD的成人依恋心理表征模型提供依据。结果表明：成人依恋先占类型对社交焦虑障碍发生的影响作用是正常组的4．48倍，而拒绝类型对社交焦虑障碍发生的影响作用是正常组的4．76倍，恐惧类型对社交焦虑障碍发生的影响作用是正常组的66．67倍。成人依恋类型是SAD发病的核心因素，就像一个桥梁，其他因子是围绕着成人依恋不同的类型表现而起着不同的影响。     

Parenting a Child with a Learning Disability: A Qualitative Approach

The present study describes experiences associated with parenting children diagnosed with learning disabilities. Parents whose children were diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, dyslexia/language problems, and Asperger syndrome, related to poor performance at school, took part in the study. A qualitative study design was implemented, using three focus groups. The data obtained were analysed following an inductive thematic approach. Five major themes were identified: parenting emotions, diagnosis and cause, daily experiences, social relationships and concerns about the future. The parents in this study experienced a range of emotions, and assigned different explanations to the learning disability, depending on the diagnosis (attention, verbal or non-verbal). Daily experience, both at home and at school, was influenced by the child’s specific impairment. All parents, independently of the diagnosis, believe a central role is played by social relationships and expressed concerns about their child’s future development. Emotional interventions targeting these parents should take these considerations into account and address the specific type of learning disability.     

轻度智力落后学生心理健康水平与父母教养方式的关系

本研究探讨了轻度智力落后学生的心理健康水平与父母教养方式之间的关系 ,结果发现父母教养方式对轻度智力落后学生的心理健康有着显著的影响。在不同的教育安置形式下 ,父母教养方式对轻度智力落后学生的心理健康的影响是不同的。相比较而言 ,母亲教养方式的影响要大于父亲教养方式。     

Responsive Parenting Buffers the Impact of Maternal PTSD on Young Children

SYNOPSIS

Objective. This study investigates maternal responsive parenting behaviors as a theorized buffer to the detrimental impact of maternal PTSD symptoms on young children’s depression and anxiety symptoms, disruptive behavior, and stress-related symptoms. Design. A multi-ethnic sample of 242 trauma-exposed mothers and their preschool-aged children was assessed. Maternal responsive parenting behaviors were observed during standardized parent-child interactions. Maternal and child mental health symptoms were reported by mothers. Results. Maternal PTSD symptoms were associated with their responsive parenting behaviors and predicted children’s mental health symptoms. Responsive parenting was inversely associated with children’s depression and stress-related symptoms. Moderation analyses revealed an interactive effect of maternal symptoms and responsive parenting on preschool children’s disruptive behavior and stress-related symptoms. Conclusions. Responsive parenting behaviors can mitigate the ill effects of maternal PTSD symptoms. Nurturing relationships buffer the impact of maternal PTSD. Helping parents’ to sensitively respond to their young children’s distress can support positive outcomes in children.     

Impact of a Temporary Food Shortage on Children and Their Mothers

Kenya experienced a severe drought and temporary food shortage during a study on mild malnutrition. Effects of the temporary food shortage on energy intake, weight, and behaviors were evaluated in schoolchildren and in toddlers and their mothers. Schoolchildren were seriously affected, showing significant declines in their energy intake, age-corrected weight, activity on the playground, and classroom attention. Toddlers appear to have been somewhat protected since their energy intake, weight, and play and language behaviors were stable. Maternal caregiving of toddlers declined for the group as a whole, but individually those mothers who maintained family food levels delegated responsibility for toddlers to other caregivers. While the food shortage affected poorer families more than those of higher SES, declines in the behaviors of schoolchildren occurred regardless of SES and previous level of nutrition, suggesting that food shortages can have behavioral consequences for schoolchildren in all communities.