Expression of syntactic complexity in sentence comprehension: A comparison between dyslexic and regular readers

The present study was designed to investigate the influence of syntactic complexity on sentence comprehension in Hebrew. Participants were 40 native Hebrew-speaking 5th grade dyslexic and normally reading children aged 10–11 years. Childrens syntactic abilities were tested by three experimental measures: syntactic judgment, a sentence-picture matching task, and a sentence correction task. Each task consisted of sentences composed of five syntactic constructions varying in the level of syntactic complexity (active, passive, conjoined, object-subject relative, and subject-object relative). The length of sentences and the number of propositions in the sentences were controlled. In addition, a wide range of the childrens reading and general abilities (e.g., reading comprehension, phonological awareness, and working memory) was examined. The results indicated that dyslexic readers were less accurate and slower than good readers in all reading tasks and in the tasks on sentence comprehension. The findings suggest that the factor of syntactic complexity seems to be a relatively independent aspect of sentence comprehension. This aspect of sentence comprehension is probably not affected in dyslexic readers. Rather, processing deficit related to phonological and memory impairments of dyslexic children and their ability to process syntactic information is responsible for the difficulties in sentence comprehension.     

Adjacency,animacy, and intensionality as cues to oral and written sentence comprehension

Subjects of verbs in English sentences may be indicated by any one of a number of cues. In some cases, the subject of the verb is determined by semantic constraints, as when the verb requires an animate noun phrase as subject; in other cases the subject is determined by syntactic factors, as in the case of third person singular verb markers; and, as is commonly the case in informal language, the most immediately preceding noun phrase is the subject of the verb. These three types of cues, semantic (here described as extensional), syntactic (here labeled intensional), and adjacency are investigated in a series of tests of sentence comprehension using university undergraduates as subjects.The results of these experiments show that when the adjacency strategy does not apply, even these highly literate native speakers have great difficulty in correctly comprehending subject-verb correspondences.These results are discussed in the context of the relationship between intensional linguistic processing and literacy.     

句子理解中语言信息的整合加工机制

句子理解过程是对语音、词汇、句法、语义层面语言信息的整合加工过程。分段式、并行式和一体式模型争论的核心在于语言信息加工的时间进程和交互作用。根据已有实验推测：1)语言信息在句子加工中起作用的方向很　可能由其本身层次属性决定：句法信息作用方向可能向后,语义信息作用方向可能向前;2)语言信息在句子加工中起作用的强度也很有可能由其本身层次属性决定,但都还需进一步实验验证。语用层面信息加工过程的研究需要加强,实验材料为汉语的相关研究有待单独梳理。     

A model of reading comprehension of geometry proof

This study aims to investigate a construct of reading comprehension of geometry proof (RCGP). The research aims to investigate (a) the facets composing RCGP, and (b) the structure of these facets. Firstly, we conceptualize this construct with relevant literature and on the basis of the discrimination between the logical and the epistemic meanings of an argument, then assemble the content of RCGP from literature and propose a hypothetical model of RCGP. Secondly, mathematicians and mathematics teachers are interviewed for their ideas on reading mathematical proof in order to enrich the content of RCGP. Adapting the phases of reading comprehension in language, the content of RCGP is classified into six facets. Lastly, these facets are structured using the hypothetical model and then justified by students’ performance in the facets of RCGP using the multidimensional scaling method. The results sustain that the structure of facets can be characterized by this conceptualized model.     

Let's eat grandma: Awareness of punctuation and capitalization rules' violations predicts the development of reading comprehension

An increasing body of evidence indicates that reading and writing are interconnected, but more studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms through which these two skills are associated. In this paper we report a study where we explored the relationship between second grade students' awareness of punctuation and capitalization rules' violations (a component of writing process) and their reading comprehension. The results showed that students' awareness of punctuation and capitalization rules’ violations was moderately corelated with reading comprehension (r = .64) and predicted reading comprehension tested in Spring after accounting for reading comprehension tested in Fall, word decoding fluency, listening comprehension, general cognitive ability, and demographic variables. Our findings outline an under-researched association between reading and writing and point out to a potential new avenue to improve reading comprehension.     

Lexical- and sentence-level processes in comprehension of written sentences

Two experiments and three measures of lexical skills (word finding, rapid automatized naming, receptive vocabulary) were administered to 24 third and 24 fifth graders. Each experiment included two between-subject variables (grade and sex) and four within-subject variables (mode of sentence presentation – one word and one-sentence-at-a-time; word type – orthographic, phonological and semantic foils; position of foil in sentence – beginning, middle, and end; and sentence type – meaningful and nonsense). The experiments contrasted on reading comprehension task: receptive sentence acceptability (Experiment 1) or expressive sentence reproduction (Experiment 2). One-word-at-a-time presentation, which highlights the lexical unit, resulted in better accuracy on the expressive task that required verbatim reproduction than on the forced choice receptive task. Word finding and rapid automatized naming that require active production of phonologically-referenced name codes, but not receptive vocabulary, were correlated with measures of word recognition and reading comprehension in the experiments and on the psychometric tests. These results are consistent with Perfetti's contention that a phonologically-based name code is the heart of lexical access.     

元认知理论与外语阅读理解监控能力的培养

阅读理解监控能力的培养对于大学生英语阅读理解能力的提高和阅读理解教学的改革具有重要意义.在教学中培养学生阅读理解监控能力应从以下几方面努力:培养学生的目标意识;指导学生根据不同的任务变量选择并调整阅读策略;将阅读理解监控训练融入语言教学中去,从而提高英语阅读教学效果和学生的自主学习能力.     

Written sentence production error patterns of college writers with learning disabilities

Utilizing a controlled stimulus passage to control for verbosity and topic selection, this research investigated the written syntax of 81 (60 males, 21 females) collegeable individuals demonstrating a specific learning disability. Four models of speech production disturbance (i.e., syntactical, lexical, monitoring, control) were evaluated in light of the errors identified in the rewrite paragraphs of this population. The data from this research supports the control impairment hypothesis, predicting that sentence production errors will be of the same kind as found in the language of writers demonstrating no handicapping conditions. In addition, the study investigated the correlation of specific cognitive and achievement variables to syntactical competence and error type.     

国外阅读理解监控教学模式述评

阅读理解监控作为阅读活动中一个重要的元认知加工过程,在近２０年内引起了心理、教育工作的极大兴趣,取得了一些令人鼓舞的研究成果,尤其对阅读理解监控教学模式的探讨,更具有直接的实际价值。阅读理解监控教学可帮助学生提高阅读理解能力,强化阅读教学效果。本试图通过国外三种阅读理解监控教学模式的评述,以期对探讨和发展我国阅读理解监控教学模式起抛砖引玉的作用。     

Cognitive diagnostic model of best choice: a study of reading comprehension

Abstract

The present study compared the performance of six cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) to explore inter skill relationship in a reading comprehension test. To this end, item responses of about 21,642 test-takers to a high-stakes reading comprehension test were analyzed. The models were compared in terms of model fit at both test and item levels, classification consistency and accuracy, and proportion of skill mastery profiles. The results showed that the G-DINA performed the best and the C-RUM, NC-RUM, and ACDM showed the closest affinity to the G-DINA. In terms of some criteria, the DINA showed comparable performance to the G-DINA. The test-level results were corroborated by the item-level model comparison, where DINA, DINO, and ACDM variously fit some of the items. The results of the study suggested that relationships among the subskills of reading comprehension might be a combination of compensatory and non-compensatory. Therefore, it is suggested that the choice of the CDM be carried out at item level rather than test level.     

A case study of questioning for reading comprehension during guided reading

This case study explored how a teacher's questioning during guided reading scaffolded six children's understanding of reading. Observations and interview data conveyed that questioning statements and the teacher's involvement as a respondent prompted children's engagement and understanding of the text. Insufficient wait time and open questions with a closed intent seemed to stifle children's understanding of reading. Conclusions suggest teachers' relaxation of questioning to a conversational manner may enable guided reading to be an opportunity to develop children's comprehension on all levels.     

儿童语言中"不"字否定句的语用考察

文章考察1-5岁汉族儿童语言中的“不”字句,归纳儿童“不”字否定句的语用类型,并重点分析儿童构建预设的方式及儿童语用能力的发展。     

无蔽的瞬间：禅悟和录悟

本从禅与诗的契合点上，即刹那之悟：审美直觉的突发性、不涉理路：审美直觉的直观性、自证自得：审美直觉的独创性三个方面，探讨了禅悟和宋代诗歌美学理论中“妙悟”说的关系。     

语体句谈片

语体句是专用或常用于某种语体的句子。它包括了专用句和跨体句。它们是由于色彩的不同而产生为不同的语体句。在语体句中,特定的句法成分起着重要的作用,常常是某个语体的标记和指纹。研究语体句主要是关注日常的语言生活,但是对于某些为特定目的"创造"的句子,也要给以充分的注意,它也是语体句研究的内容。一般说来,每种语体都有自己独特的语体句,本文还举例说明了公文语体中的几种特有句式。     

双动句状语总论

文章是双动句状语研究系列首篇，属绪论性质。首先以双动之间的语义关系，列出13种双动句；其次提出双动句状语至少有一项管辖双动；接着指出双动3个场合的状语，或独现或同现，正负交错所出现的7种情形；最后说明句法结构与语义结构有联系又有区别的问题。     

直系成分分析法——论结构分析中确保成分完整性的问题

我国20世纪80年代关于句子分析方法的讨论并没有获得明确的结果。本文对当时讨论所忽略的一个关键问题,即如何维持成分完整性的问题,进行了讨论。结论是:为了保持主语、宾语、补语、状语的完整性,谓语的完整性必须彻底放弃,并且作为名词短语成分的定语必须从动词短语的分析中取消。同样,分析名词短语结构时,不仅要放弃谓语,还必须放弃主语、宾语等动词短语成分的分析。文章也对当时提出的主干成分分析法和轨层结构进行了反思,指出其有待解决的遗留问题。     

对大学英语六级考试阅读理解部分的分析

通过对大学英语六级考试阅读理解部分进行测试重点、考题形式等方面的分析，指出学生必须具备扎实的语言基础，灵活运用词汇与语法。     

德性的可理解性与理解的道德性--伽达默尔诠释学的伦理意蕴

经验与知识是人类存在的基本依托,理解在经验与知识的积累中得以敞开。德性力量的可理解性消解了传统与历史学、历史与历史知识之间的抽象对立。理解作为超越存在者的运动,其历史性与道德性是相互关联的。在这两方面统一的情况下,历史中的个人道德力量的发挥才可以真正融入到历史发展的连续性过程之中。     

关联理论视域下大学英语听力教学探究

从关联理论的视域分析了听力理解的过程,尝试将关联理论运用于大学英语听力教学,改进现有教学模式,以提高学生的听力理解能力.教学实验表明：关联理论指导下的大学英语听力模式较之传统的听力教学模式更能够提高学生的听力理解与认知能力.