论威尔逊主义及其影响

自1913年伍德罗·威尔逊就任美国第28届总统以来,威尔逊主义的思想理论基础逐渐成熟.威尔逊主要是把自杰斐逊以来的美国传统思想加以归纳,形成了以美国利益至上的"拯救世界"为目标的意识形态,并以此作为对外政策的基础.威尔逊主义对以后美国历代领导人的外交政策产生了重要的影响.     

Developing a School Drawing Policy with Newly Qualified Teachers of Art and Design

This paper describes part of a one–day course run by the authors for Newly Qualified Teachers of art and design (NQTs) planned to develop subject knowledge and assessment expertise. The former was achieved partly through an examination of the roles of drawing in secondary school art and design education. Through review and discussion of their pupils’ drawings, the NQTs developed ideas about the functions and purposes of drawing. These ideas were then refined and some practical work undertaken. The nature of drawing policies for secondary art and design departments was considered. The session concluded with a consideration of ideas that might inform the development of such a drawing policy. Secondly, the authors take up and develop several issues from the NQTs’ ideas and responses. These include reference to participants’ drawing performance and understanding, their judgements about the value of drawing, and to how these may be influenced by factors in art education, including those associated with GCSE and assessment. Finally, reference is made to two distinctive perceptions of drawing in schools and, with reference to the work of Wilson, Hurwitz and Wilson, the authors suggest a strategy and argue for the development of drawing policy and curricula for secondary school art departments. The paper is based on part of a presentation given at the Annual Conference of the NSEAD, York, 2002.     

浅论政治与行政二分——从新公共管理与官僚制相比较的角度谈中国政府的选择

政治与行政二分的问题自威尔逊时期起就一直是行政管理中的一个重要话题。无论是有着悠久发展史的官僚制理论,还是自上世纪七八十年代针对官僚制理论而兴起的新公共管理思潮,都对此有各自不同的理解与主张。文章仅将西方官僚制理论与新公共管理思潮倡导中的政治与行政二分的问题进行粗略的比较,并探讨我国在这个问题上如何做选择的问题。     

现代行政学发展的理论之源——纪念威尔逊《行政学研究》发表一百二十周年

1887年,美国学者威尔逊发表了《行政学研究》一文,开创了行政学研究的先河,提出了新的话语指向、理论范式和结构体系。文中的基本思想,对于我们推进行政体制改革、重构政府职能、加强行政伦理建设和提高政府能力,都具有十分重要的意义。     

杜威与威尔逊道德教育理论的比较及其启示

美国著名教育学家约翰·杜威和英国著名道德教育理论家约翰.威尔逊的道德教育理论都对后人有着深刻的影响。拟从两者道德教育理论的不同出发,分别从哲学基础,哲学思维方式,道德教育的过程、方法,道德教育的课程设置和道德教育的目的几个方面论述,并从中找出对现代实施道德教育的启示。     

Children’s Models about Colours in Nahuatl-Speaking Communities

This paper presents the development and structure of indigenous children’s ideas about mixing colours as well as their ideas about each colour, derived from their traditions. The children were interviewed both at school and outside it, and an educational proposal was implemented. Ideas expressed in the school context were analysed using the partial possible model, which states that the inferences and explanations used to describe a subject consist of constricting ideas, rules of correspondence, and a set of phenomenological inferences about processes. After identifying these components in the children’s ideas, we developed models to describe their conceptions about mixing colours. We employed a different approach to analyse children’s ideas related to their cultural context. The results showed that children change from a conception that focuses on colours as entities that do not change and as properties of objects (model 1) to the idea that colour represents a quality of substances or objects that can be modified by mixing colours (model 2). Cultural context analysis showed that stories are independent from one another and that they are not connected to colour mixing processes, only to the actions of colour on people. We concluded that students generate independent constructions between school and cultural knowledge.     

Moral Education for Post‐Conventional Thinking

Abstract:

Concern for values in education is growing. In Canada and other countries, educationalists are becoming more aware of the need for providing for full and open discussions about moral matters. Kohlberg in the United States, Beck in Canada, and Wilson in Great Britain are three leading theorists who are involved in experimental work in moral education. In this paper, some of the ideas of these theorists are compared with reference to the development of post‐conventional moral thinking in people.     

Affect and Meta-Affect in Mathematical Problem Solving: a Representational Perspective

We discuss a research-based theoretical framework based on affect as an internal representational system. Key ideas include the concepts of meta-affect and affective structures, and the constructs of mathematical intimacy and mathematical integrity. We understand these as fundamental to powerful mathematical problem solving, and deserving of closer attention by educators. In a study of elementary school children we characterize some features of emotional states inferred from individual problem solving behavior, including interactions between affect and cognition. We describe our methodology, illustrating theoretical ideas with brief qualitative examples from a longitudinal series of task-based interviews.     

从关联理论的角度看新闻标题的功能

D.Sperber与D.Wilson在1986年提出的关联理论（relevance theory）具有很强的语用解释力。标题在新闻中具有举足轻重的作用,读者阅读新闻标题的过程也可以说是他和撰写者进行交流互动的过程。运用语用学关联理论的最佳关联原则对新闻标题进行分析,概括出新闻标题是在新闻报道内容和读者解读新闻的语境之间提供最佳关联性的交际手法,给读者提供最佳关联,同时指出新闻标题获得最佳关联应注意的问题。     

Interaction in teacher communities: Three forms teachers use to express contrasting ideas in video clubs

Interaction and the expression of contrasting ideas are thought to be important components of teacher learning communities. However, criteria for identifying beneficial interactional practices are needed. In this paper we use the tools of conversation analysis to examine mathematics teachers' expressions of contrasting ideas in a video club setting. Using turn-by-turn analyses of talk, we describe criteria for distinguishing three forms for expressing contrasting ideas – open discussion, implicit critique, and serial turns. We consider potential implications of each form for teacher learning and conclude with suggestions to help teacher communities move between the three forms.     

Analysis of students’ ideas and conceptual artifacts in knowledge-building discourse

This study proposes a new methodological approach to evaluate students’ knowledge-building discourse. First, we discuss the knowledge–creation metaphor of learning. In the metaphor, theories mention that learners should consider their collective knowledge objects or artifacts that materialize as a result of their collaborative discourse. Second, we argue the necessity of developing new analytics to evaluate student learning. We describe how students’ ideas and their conceptual artifacts can be examined in discourse analysis. Third, we demonstrate the application of our analytics to real discourse data. We conducted a new type of social network analysis of discourse to examine how students continuously improve their ideas. Further, we conducted another network analysis of discourse, called the Epistemic Network Analysis, by coding students’ epistemic actions as conceptual artifacts to create and examine their ideas.     

试论德莱塞长篇小说的现代性因素

人们一般把德莱塞看作是自然主义或批判现实主义作家,而忽视了其长篇小说的现代性因素。他的长篇小说大胆向启蒙现代性挑战,宣传非道德观点,鼓吹消费主义,陷入虚无主义,倒向神秘主义,从而否定了理性、科学、进步等观念;又进一步反思与批判文学自身,集中笔墨描写人的异化,向人的内心世界掘进,着力表现人非理性的一面,突出人的非英雄本质,具备了现代派文学的某些特质,体现出现代文学观念。     

Of connections and fields - I

We describe some instances of the appearance of Chern’s mathematical ideas in physics. By means of simple examples, we bring out the geometric and topological ideas which have found application in describing the physical world. These applications range from magnetic monopoles in electrodynamics to instantons in quantum chromodynamics to the geometric phase of quantum mechanics. The first part of this article is elementary and addressed to a general reader. The second part is somewhat more demanding and is addressed to advanced students of mathematics and physics.     

Active learning? not with my syllabus!

We describe an approach to teaching probability that minimizes the amount of class time spent on the topic while also providing a meaningful (dice‐rolling) activity to get students engaged. The activity, which has a surprising outcome, illustrates the basic ideas of informal probability and how probability is used in statistical inference.     

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Early Reading Programs: A Demonstration With Recommendations for Future Research

Abstract

We review the value of cost-effectiveness analysis for evaluation and decision making with respect to educational programs and discuss its application to early reading interventions. We describe the conditions for a rigorous cost-effectiveness analysis and illustrate the challenges of applying the method in practice, providing examples of programs for which we have estimated costs, but find effectiveness data lacking in comparability. We provide a demonstration of how cost-effectiveness analysis can be applied to two early reading programs: the Wilson Reading System and Corrective Reading. We use existing effectiveness data from an experimental evaluation in which the programs were implemented under similar conditions and the use of common outcomes measures for both programs yielded data that are comparable. We combine these data with cost data we collected using the ingredients method to calculate cost-effectiveness ratios for the alphabetics domain. A complete picture of the relative cost-effectiveness of each program could be provided if effectiveness metrics were available for fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. We highlight the obstacles to applying cost-effectiveness analysis more frequently and recommend strategies for improving the availability of the requisite data.     

Real-World Examples: Developing a Departmental Alumni Network

We describe the context for and implementation of a departmental alumni network. More than a database compiling facts about graduates, this network provides students with information and inspiration. It also offers a wonderful opportunity to support lifelong learning through the development of collaborative relationships between alumni and faculty and students. We suggest several features and progression steps for such a network. As an integral component of these efforts, we describe the creation of “alumni spotlight” profiles featured on our departmental website and include a top-10 list of objectives and benefits of such a resource. In addition, we offer ideas for possible enrichment and extension of the network to serve different programmatic purposes.     

Invented Science: A Framework for Discussing a Persistent Problem of Practice

A central goal of science education reform is for students to participate in scientific sense making rather than to merely acquire science facts. However, even in classrooms utilizing reform-based pedagogies, students are typically allowed to construct knowledge only insofar as they construct expected knowledge. In this report and reflection, we use activity theory to demonstrate how this pervasive tension between learning correct ideas and constructing one’s own ideas often results in unacknowledged slippage between competing activity systems within reform efforts. We use an analogy to the domain of spelling to introduce invented science—a framework for describing the activity of science learning that reduces this slippage by giving knowledge construction true priority over the canon. We describe the origins and purposes of invented spelling to theorize the nature of learning in invented science. We conclude by articulating the theoretical and practical implications of this analogy for science teaching and learning.     

Data‐driven refinements of a genetics learning progression

Learning progressions are theoretical models that describe learning of scientific ideas and practices over time. These hypothetical progressions need to be tested and refined in order to productively inform instruction and assessment. In this paper, we report our attempts to revise a learning progression in genetics. In particular, we focused on two constructs that embody core ideas in classical genetics and one molecular construct. The revisions are based on analysis of pre‐ and postinterview data obtained from sixty 11th grade students before and after they engaged in a 10‐week unit that addressed these concepts. We found that while many of the students held ideas that aligned with the progression, there were several distinct dimensions of student reasoning that were not captured and led to substantial revisions of the constructs including: (a) the splitting of the construct dealing with meiosis (E) into two subconstructs (E1‐physical passage of genetic information and E2 – the role of sex cells), (b) the addition of new levels to constructs dealing with the universal nature and organization of the genetic code (A) and construct (F). For Construct A, the lower levels were expanded to include ideas about the localization of DNA in cells and to include ideas about the composition of DNA that were not captured in the progression. Revisions to Construct F included the expansion of existing levels and the addition of modes of inheritance such as codominance and incomplete dominance. The research we present offers insights about a methodological approach that can be used to test and refine progressions, as well as insights about student learning in genetics as we further describe and expand the stepping‐stone ideas in the progression and discuss further the multidimensional nature of learning progressions.     

The Reading–Spelling Connection: Developing and Evaluating a Beginning Spelling Intervention for Children at Risk of Reading Disability

Abstract In this article, we describe the development and evaluation of a beginning spelling intervention for young children at risk of reading disability. We first summarize the literature that supports beginning spelling as an ideal method for strategically integrating the beginning reading big ideas of phonemic awareness and alphabetic understanding. We then summarize the literature on effective instructional principles for students at risk of reading disability. Next, we describe how instructional design was applied to the development of an intervention for young children at risk of reading disability, then summarize the findings of an experimental study supporting the effectiveness of this intervention. Finally, we provide selected examples from the spelling intervention to illustrate the findings' translation into instructional practice.