诺贝尔文学奖女得主评述

自诺贝尔文学奖颁奖以来共有97位获奖者,其中女性获奖作家只有十位,这十住女作家当中有的来自欧洲,有的来自北美,还有来自南美的,也有来自非洲的。总的来说,女诺贝尔文学奖得主人数还很少,尤其令人遗憾的是世界主要大洲——亚洲迄今为止尚没有产生女得主。本文将围绕十位女得主,对她们的生平,作品及获奖情况作了简要评述。     

Problem solving as a function of abstract or concrete words

Two groups of undergraduates were required to verbally reorder previously memorized pairs of nouns to detect the underlying structural relationship or chain among certain memorized pairs. While the types of word chains were always structurally identical for the two groups, the groups differed as to whether the list of word pairs were concrete or abstract nouns. Subjects who received concrete words both memorized the pairs and solved the problems in less time than did subjects who received abstract word pairs. Superior performance was supposedly due to the differential effect of imaginai versus verbal encoding. Implications were discussed regarding both educational and psychological issues.     

MicroRNAs: Tiny genetic switches in our genome

Gary Ruvkun is a winner of the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences. He is a co-discoverer of microRNAs (with Victor Ambros, University of Massachusetts), regarded as one of the seminal discoveries of 21st century molecular biology. In addition to the Breakthrough Prize, Ruvkun and Ambros have received the Warren Triennial Prize, the Laskar Foundation Award, and numerous other awards and prizes. Professor Ruvkun obtained his PhD from Harvard University, did his postdoctoral research at MIT, and subsequently accepted a faculty position at Harvard, where he is currently Professor of Genetics. His laboratory conducts research on basic cellular processes, using the worm C. elegans as a model system.     

Evidence on the efficacy of school-based incentives for healthy living

We analyze the effects of a school-based program that offers children an opportunity to win prizes if they walk or bike to school during prize periods. We use daily child-level data and individual fixed effects models to measure the effect of the prizes, with variation in the timing of prize periods across different schools allowing us to estimate models with calendar-date fixed effects to control for day-specific attributes, such as weather and proximity to holidays. On average, we find that being in a prize period increases the riding behavior of participating children by sixteen percent, a large impact given that the prize value is just six cents per student. We also find that winning a prize lottery has a positive impact on ridership over subsequent weeks; consider heterogeneity across prize type, gender, age, and calendar month; and explore differential effects on the intensive versus extensive margins.     

超流体和超导体研究——宏观尺度上的量子力学

2003年诺贝尔物理奖授予了俄罗斯的阿布里科索夫,俄罗斯的金兹布尔格和英国的利盖特,以表彰他们对超导体突破生研究的重要贡献.本文介绍了对超导体和超流体的研究和三位科学家的杰出贡献.     

浅析A.S.拜厄特《占有》中的女性主义

A.S.拜厄特是当今最负盛名的英国女作家之一。她的长篇小说《占有》问世于1990年,旋即荣获同年的英国布克文学奖。这是一部双线结构的小说,分别讲述了19世纪中期和20世纪末两个浪漫的爱情故事,塑造了既神似又相异的几组镜像人物。身为一名女性作家,拜厄特特别关注女性人生,对女性、爱情及婚姻有着自己独特的深刻见解。因此,从女性主义角度对拜厄特《占有》中的女性人物进行分析,对理解这部作品及拜厄特的创作意旨极为有益。     

诺贝尔奖与中国

诺贝尔奖是世界影响最大的奖项，获得诺贝尔科学匀代表着一个国家的综合实力，进入21世纪，强大的中国已经离诺贝尔奖不远了。     

Paired associate task performance effects of ability and perceived prize probability

A study was conducted to determine the performance effects of ability grouping and perceived probability of attaining a prize in a Paired-associate (PA) task. Sixty undergraduate students were pretested for PA ability and divided into high, medium, and low ability groups for random assignment to control (no prize probability), low prize probability, and high prize probability treatment groups. The dependent measure was the number of correct responses over four trials for intentional learning and number of correct responses on a single test for the incidental learning condition. Results of two-way ANOVA supported the hypothesis that performance in a PA task is affected by subject's ability and perceived probability of attaining a prize.     

Flexible goal imitation: Vicarious feedback influences stimulus-response binding by observation

This study investigated whether vicarious feedback influences binding processes between stimuli and observed responses. Two participants worked together in a shared color categorization task, taking the roles of actor and observer in turns. During a prime trial, participants saw a word while observing the other person executing a specific response. Automatic binding of words and observed responses into stimulus-response (S-R) episodes was assessed via word repetition effects in a subsequent probe trial in which either the same (compatible) or a different (incompatible) response had to be executed by the participants in response to the same or a different word. Results showed that vicarious prime feedback (i.e., the feedback that the other participant received for her or his response in the prime) modulated S-R retrieval effects: After positive vicarious prime feedback, typical S–R retrieval effects emerged (i.e., performance benefits for stimulus repetition probes with compatible responses, but performance costs for stimulus repetition probes with incompatible responses emerged). Notably, however, S–R-retrieval effects were reversed after vicarious negative prime feedback (meaning that stimulus repetition in the probe resulted in performance costs if prime and probe responses were compatible, and in performance benefits for incompatible responses). Findings are consistent with a flexible goal imitation account, according to which imitation is based on an interpretative and therefore feedback-sensitive reconstruction of action goals from observed movements. In concert with earlier findings, this data support the conclusion that transient S–R binding and retrieval processes are involved in social learning phenomena.     

百余年诺贝尔物理学奖的辉煌与遗憾

诺贝尔物理学奖已成为国际社会中地位最高、影响最大的自然科学奖项。许多物理学研究机构、院校乃至国家均以能获得此项殊荣而引为自豪,其获奖者被视为民族英雄,深受本国人民的爱戴和仰慕。但是．人们也深深地为诺贝尔物理学奖历史薄上的瑕疵而感到困惑和遗憾,诸如将其奖项授予根本站不住脚的研究项目,而一流的成果却被该奖拒之门外;对奖励项目的选择严重不当,偏重于纯物理;以及迟来的奖赏等等。从事物理学研究的学者们应该勇于追求获奖殊荣,但也不要将诺贝尔物理学奖看得过于神圣和高贵。     

现实题材的获奖作品与茅盾文学奖的生产机制

通过获得茅盾文学奖的现实题材作品来考察茅盾文学奖的生产机制.论文提出:茅盾苘文学奖与获奖作品之间的关系并非简单的价值判断关系.一方面受茅盾文学奖在文学场中的位置的制约,现实题材的作品必然会在历届茅盾文学奖的获奖作品占有一定的比例;同时,在文学场逻辑的作用下,这种比例关系在不同的历史阶段会发生相应的变化,而变化的程度和大小必然又受到茅盾文学奖在文学场中的位置以及与此位置相匹配的配置的规范和框架.     

Children's probability intuitions: understanding the expected value of complex gambles

Two experiments used Information Integration Theory to study how children judge expected value of complex gambles in which alternative outcomes have different prizes. Six-year-olds, 9-year-olds and adults (N = 73 in Study 1, N = 28 in Study 2) saw chance games that involved shaking a marble in a bicolored tube. One prize was won if the marble stopped on blue, another if it stopped on yellow. Children judged how happy a puppet playing the game would be, with the prizes and probability of the blue and yellow outcomes varied factorially. Three main results appeared in both studies: First, participants in all age groups used the normatively prescribed multiplication rule for integrating probability and value of each individual outcome--a striking finding because multiplicative reasoning does not usually appear before 8 years of age in other domains. Second, all age groups based judgment of overall expected value meaningfully on both alternative outcomes, but there were individual differences--many participants deviated from the normative addition rule, showing risk seeking and risk averse patterns of judgment similar to the risk attitudes often found with adults. Third, even the youngest children took probability to be an abstract rather than physical property of the game. Overall, in contrast to the traditional view, the present results demonstrate functional understanding of probability and expected value in children as young as 5 or 6. These results contribute to the growing evidence on children's intuitive reasoning competence. This intuition can, on the one hand, support surprisingly precocious performance in young children, but it may also contribute to the biases evident in adults' judgment and decision.     

35届诺贝尔经济学奖获奖者基本情况一览表

1968年瑞典国家银行取得诺贝尔基金会的同意，设立诺贝尔经济学奖，自1969年首发至今共35届，全世界共有53名来自不同国家的经济学家获此殊荣。本文将获奖者的国籍、性别、出生年代、毕业学校、所获学位、获奖原因、应用数学的程度等基本情况整理为35届诺贝尔经济学奖获得者基本情况一览表，根据此表进行数理统计分析，得出了一些初步的结论。     

彩票的概率和期望中奖额

对传统型、乐透型彩票的概率进行了详细的分析,推导出了概率计算的通式。并提出了高级别奖项的期望中奖额的计算公式。     

“乌金文学奖”社会影响调查分析报告

“乌金文学奖”作为中国煤炭系统最高文学奖,具有一定的社会影响,但抽样调查显示民众对其认知程度有待提高。结合抽样调查结果对其原因进行论析,并指出：在市场化文化的冲击下,应通过加强煤矿文化建设、加大宣传力度、明确评选方向和评奖层次、多渠道扩大获奖作品的影响力等途径来提升“乌金文学奖”的社会影响。     

生命科学与诺贝尔化学奖

通过对一百多年诺贝尔化学奖生命科学领域获奖成果进行统计分析,重点介绍20世纪化学学科在生命科学领域中的重大发展及其主要研究方向,并探讨化学学科在生命科学领域部分获奖成果的意义,以加深对诺贝尔化学奖的认识.     

今年谁改善了人类生活？

诺贝尔委员会在10月上旬宣布了今年的诺贝尔奖获得者。诺贝尔奖是为“改善人类生活”而设．被看作不同领域中顶尖成果的证明．获奖者同时还获得1000万瑞士克郎（约合130万美元）奖金。虽然已经有6位华裔诺贝尔获得者,但该奖通常都是被欧洲人、美国人和日本人摘取。     

The effects of a comprehensive reading intervention programme for Grade 3 children

A group of 37 8‐year‐old children who had scored below the 20th percentile on a national reading test were offered intensive reading instruction in groups of four during Grade 3 in two periods (10 and 5 weeks). The intervention was delivered by six teachers who received training in a comprehensive reading intervention programme called Epi‐Meta‐Mastery‐Approach, designed on the basis of the theory of metalinguistic development ( Gombert, 1992 ). A control group of 36 children received increased instructional intensity during the same periods. The intervention group showed gains in comparison with the control group on measures of word and non‐word reading and spelling.     

剑桥大学诺贝尔奖获奖情况研究

自1901年起,剑桥大学共有81名大学成员获得诺贝尔奖,奖项涉及到各个领域。自1901年到2005年,剑桥大学获得的奖项占全世界总奖项的11%还多。剑桥大学在获诺贝尔奖方面取得的巨大成功在于它保持了优良的传统,如重视数学,教学与科研中注重解决问题,重视培养学生的创造力及保留督导制。虽然政府对有杰出贡献的科研人员授予极大的荣誉与奖励,但剑桥诺贝尔奖获得者成功的主要因素是对科研的个人兴趣和献身精神。     

The 2009 Nobel Prize in physics

The Physics Nobel Prize, 2009 has been awarded jointly: one half to Charles K Kao “for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication”, and the other half to Willard S Boyle and George E Smith “for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit — the CCD sensor”. In this article, we explain the basic ideas behind these inventions, and why the choice is appropriate in interpreting Alfred Nobel’s will in who should get these prizes.