The changing of the sponsorship market

Since the time of state socialism, Hungarian sport has been totally financed by the state. Therefore, Hungarian soccer and sponsorship market is a relatively new and unexplored subject of research in the field of sports sponsorship, as most studies so far have focused on the major European soccer leagues. The main objective of this paper, focusing on the Hungarian soccer sponsorship market, was to evaluate the range of soccer sponsorship objectives and the range of evaluation tools that sponsors use to measure the effectiveness of their sponsorships. A combined approach of qualitative and quantitative research methods served as the methodological foundation of this study. In the quantitative phase, representatives of the sponsor companies (n=103) were asked to rate the importance of the sponsorship objectives and the importance of the evaluation techniques used to measure the effectiveness of their sponsorships. The results of this study have implications for the sports sponsorship industry, the Hungarian soccer club sponsors, and the sport properties too. According to the research results, many of the Hungarian sponsor companies have failed to assess the effectiveness of sponsorship in meeting their objectives. The research can be used to bridge the gap between the theory and practice of soccer sponsorship in Hungary.     

企业的奥运会赞助策略

分析了企业作为奥运会赞助商的起源及发展进程,介绍奥运TOP计划和企业赞助奥运的赞助策略。提出中国企业的奥运赞助,必须根据自身的品牌地位、经济实力、目标市场范围,选择最佳的层次和对象进行赞助。     

体育赞助的体系

论述构成体育赞助体系的四个子系统--赞助方、被赞助方、中介方和传媒方以及构成体育赞助流程的四个阶段--总体策划、个案营销、个案组织和实施与个案评估的特征、作用和相互关系.     

体育赞助评估方法初探

体育赞助已经成为许多企业开展营销活动的一个重要手段。论述了体育赞助效果评估的方法，包括曝光度的评估、到达率的评估、回忆度的评估、形象评估和销售效果评估等几个方面。     

Legal battles for sponsorship exclusivity: The cases of the World Cup and NASCAR

Theorists have emphasized brand differentiation in achieving a competitive advantage through sponsorship, and managers of sports sponsorships have recognized product category exclusivity as among the most valued rights afforded sponsoring firms. Yet the proliferation of sponsorships in the sports marketplace poses a challenge to sponsors attempting to establish a unique brand position apart from the clutter. The competition between corporate rivals for sponsorship exclusivity in the world's highest profile sporting arenas has begun to spill into the courtroom. The purpose of this paper is to review the cases of MasterCard versus FIFA, and AT&T versus NASCAR, and discuss the relevance of these contract disputes to sponsorship scholars and practitioners. Specifically, the courts’ finding of irreparable harm faced by the excluded sponsor offers an intriguing legal recognition of the theorized goodwill and inimitability of corporate affiliation with a specific sponsored enterprise. The cases also contribute an opposing view of best practices, where legal ramifications arise from treating sponsorship as a property-based resource and neglecting the relational dimensions of collaborative communication, trust, and commitment emphasized by contemporary sponsorship theory.     

高校开展体育赞助的研究与实践

体育赞助是企业或商家和体育竞赛活动组织者共同获得利益的事业,是市场营销活动的一种特殊形式.社会主义市场经济的建立,经济的高速增长和高等教育的快速发展,为高校开展体育赞助带来了机遇.高校体育管理部门和竞赛活动组织者应更新观念,树立市场营销意识,通过开展体育赞助,扩大财源,增强体育竞赛活力,促进高校体育运动水平的提高和群体活动的广泛开展.     

与奥运共赢——论奥运赞助的配合运作

以2008年北京奥运赞助为切入点,从企业内部营销手段、营销部门和企业外部参与方多重配合的角度讨论2008年北京奥运赞助过程中,要达到赞助效益的最大化,各种营销手段、部门和参与方配合执行的重要性,并初步构建配合运作的具体模式.     

奥运赞助企业的后续营销策略与实施

奥运赞助营销成败得失的关键在于企业获得赞助权之后如何策划和组织实施后续营销。基于这种观点。笔者提出了赞助企业制定和实施后续营销方案必须遵循的四条原则，即遵循系统性与阶段性相结合、连续性与多样性相结合、公益性与实效性相结合、文化性与同质性相结合的原则，并应精心实施后续推广、积极防范传播风险、坚决打击隐性营销等，以确保营销目标的实现。     

体育赞助的组织形式与对象确定

从体育系统组织形式的角度对体育赞助对象进行了分类分析,提出了选择和确定赞助对象的层次相符、市场价值、品质优良三条基本原则。     

Focal knee joint cooling increases the quadriceps central activation ratio

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 20-min focal knee joint cooling intervention on quadriceps central activation ratio (CAR) in healthy volunteers. A counterbalanced, cross-over study assessed the effects of a focal joint cooling intervention compared with a control condition 3–14 days apart. Eleven healthy volunteers (6 males, 5 females; age 25 ± 5 years; height 1.71 ± 0.1 m, mass 77 ± 21 kg) were included in the final analysis. The joint cooling intervention consisted of two 1.5-litre ice bags applied to the knee joint for 20 min, in one of two counterbalanced sessions, completed 3–14 days apart. In the control session, participants sat quietly between the baseline and 20-min measurements. Quadriceps CAR was assessed at 70° of knee flexion at four instants (baseline, 20, 30, and 45 min). There was a significant treatment × time interaction (F _3,30 = 5.9, P = 0.003) and post hoc analyses revealed that CAR was higher in the focal knee joint cooling session than the control session at 20 min (0.79 ± 0.12 vs. 0.70 ± 0.12; t ₁₀ = 3.9, P = 0.003) and 45 min (0.77 ± 0.10 vs. 0.69 ± 0.12; t ₁₀ = 3.1, P = 0.01). The CAR tended to be higher during the experimental session than the control session at 30 min (0.79 ± 0.13 vs. 0.74 ± 0.11; t ₁₀ = 2.1, P = 0.07).Volitional activation increased following focal knee joint cooling in healthy volunteers.     

Leveraging events to ensure enduring benefits: The legacy strategy of the 2015 AFC Asian Cup

The Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Asian Cup is the largest soccer event on the Asian continent. Australia hosted the 2015 AFC Asian Cup which provided the nation with an opportunity to not only celebrate the sport of soccer, but also leverage the event to deliver enduring legacies. This case study examines the three key legacies of the 2015 AFC Asian Cup which were tourism, trade and investment, and multicultural engagement, and considers the leveraging strategies that were implemented to achieve the stated legacies.     

Gambling on sport sponsorship: A conceptual framework for research and regulatory review

Commercial gambling providers (CGPs) have recently intensified the promotion of their products and services through sport sponsorship. Consequently, gambling products and services now gain substantial exposure to large audiences via media broadcasts of sport. Due to the mainstream appeal of some sports, television audiences and fan-bases can include youth, at-risk and problem gamblers, who may be prompted to gamble, or to increase their gambling, by the direct marketing, alignment of gambling with a ‘healthy’ activity and increased normalisation of gambling. Therefore, sport sponsorship by CGPs promotes a potentially risky behaviour and may exacerbate the public health issue of problem gambling. Regulatory measures have been implemented by governments and private organisations in relation to sport sponsorship by tobacco companies in recognition of the potential harmful impacts of this form of marketing. Subsequently, the involvement of ‘unhealthy products’ including alcohol, junk food and gambling in sport sponsorship has been publicly questioned. This may lead to further regulatory changes that would directly affect the management of sport organisations. Few studies have examined these issues and there is little knowledge of the impacts that sport sponsorship arrangements have on society. Research is needed to inform prudent decision-making about the appropriate regulation of sport sponsorship. This paper reviews the current gambling sport sponsorship landscape and proposes a conceptual framework aimed at facilitating a systematic, interdisciplinary research agenda for examining corporate social responsibility issues pertinent to the sponsorship of sport by CGPs.     

Event history analysis of longitudinal data: a methodological application to sport sponsorship

Abstract

Despite its potential to make causal inferences and unearth insights related to between-subject variation over time, a small percentage of sport-related research is considered longitudinal in nature. One of the inherent challenges is that advanced quantitative methodologies, such as multi-level modelling approaches, are required to analyse such data. Therefore, this study is designed to assist those seeking to analyse longitudinal data by defining several important aspects of the event history analysis (EHA) methodology. The study’s goal was to conceptually demystify EHA by defining several fundamental concepts, including censoring, the survivor function and hazard function, through the application of EHA approaches to the durations of sport sponsorships. The authors conclude by demonstrating the implications of utilizing EHA approaches and identifying several potential applications of EHA for future sport-related research, with the goal of encouraging further sport scholarship utilizing approaches suitable for the analysis of longitudinal data.     

Market reactions to sport sponsorship announcements: Comparison between sponsors and their rivals

In this study, the authors investigate the impact of sport sponsorship announcements on the stock prices of sponsors and their rivals in Japan. The event study analyses show that while market reactions for Japanese sponsors are significantly positive, those for rivals are significantly negative. Thus, in Japan, sponsorships might help sponsors build a competitive advantage over their rivals. During 2010–2014, market reactions for sponsors are significantly more negative but less so when the sponsored party is Japanese.     

辽宁省高校体育赛事赞助现状与对策研究

通过对辽宁省高校体育赛事赞助现状的调查,分析了辽宁省高校体育赛事发展中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出相应的对策,旨在为高校体育赞助能够发挥其真正的作用以及为促进辽宁省体育赞助事业的快速发展提供依据.     

我国体育赞助市场若干问题之研究

运用社会学、市场学、传播学等有关知识,对我国体育赞助市场存在的问题及其产生的根源进行了探讨和研究,力图找出制约我国体育赞助市场发展的主要因素,并提出了一些解决问题的相应对策,以促进我国体育赞助市场的发展.     

Action sports athletes as entrepreneurs: Female professional wakeboarders,sponsorship, and branding

This teaching case explores the sport of wakeboarding to examine how its female practitioners need to become entrepreneurial in order to make a living from the sport. Students ponder the financial pressures of becoming a professional female wakeboarder, and how to sustain momentum once one turns professional. The significance and inter-relationship of sponsorship and self-branding/promotion figure prominently. Costs of competing are high in the best of circumstances, and nearly insurmountable without corporate backing. Obtaining such support requires a healthy degree of marketing oneself. The female riders offer a number of anecdotes and recollections providing salience to issues concerning sustainability and gender inequity. Male riders may earn up to four times more on tour than female riders and there is pressure to adapt to the “boys’ club” to advance one's career. Earning a living through involvement in wakeboarding is difficult for women. Models of entrepreneurism are provided to guide student discussion in developing strategies to overcome issues for female wakeboarders making the sport financially attractive for female competitors.     

Communicating CSR-linked sponsorship: Examining the influence of three different types of message sources

As the demonstration of corporate goodwill through mega event sponsorship becomes increasingly challenging, sponsors often link their sponsorship to corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. However, finding adequate ways to communicate CSR-linked sponsorship is challenging. This research examines the relative effectiveness of three message sources from which CSR-linked sponsorship information can be communicated to consumers: the sponsor, the sponsored property, and the news media. Drawing on the Persuasion Knowledge Model, this study proposes differences between these message sources regarding their level of persuasion knowledge activation, which affects consumers’ CSR perceptions of and attitude toward the sponsoring brand. The results of an experimental study show that CSR-linked sponsorship information from both the sponsor and the sponsored property result in higher persuasion knowledge activation than when this information comes from the news media. The results also reveal that the two serial mediators, persuasion knowledge activation and CSR perception, transfer these effects of message source to consumers’ attitudes toward the sponsor.     

对我国体育赞助效果评估的研究

通过研究在我国开展体育赞助效果评估的必要性和可行性,以唤起专家学者对体育赞助效果评估方法研究的重视,推动体育赞助效果评估在实际工作中的开展.     

对我国体育赞助市场的初步探讨

运用文献综述法,分析了体育赞助的概念及其对体育产业发展、赞助商的作用和所存在问题等,提出了开拓我国体育赞助市场的决策和建议.