近十年国外不同利益相关者对于幼小衔接问题看法的研究综述

近十年来幼小衔接对于儿童发展的重大影响已经受到了国外研究者的重视.很多关于幼小衔接的理论研究都强调从生态学理论的视角来重新思考幼小衔接问题,并且开始关注各利益相关者对于幼小衔接的看法,本文梳理了近十年国外不同利益相关者对于幼小衔接看法方面的研究.这些研究主要关注儿童、家长和教师等利益相关者对于幼小衔接、入学准备以及相关问题的认识、情感态度等,从中我们可以发现某些研究趋势,同时可以为我国下一步的相关研究提供有益的启示.     

幼小衔接与家长参与:国外研究的新进展

幼小衔接是儿童生命历程的一个重要阶段,家长作为儿童学习和生活中的重要参与者,在儿童幼小衔接过程中的作用受到越来越多的重视。国外的最新研究发现:家长积极参与幼小衔接不仅可以帮助儿童更好地做好入学准备,还可以协助教师有效地开展教育实践。与此同时,研究发现,可以从家长自身、儿童和学校等多个层次探讨影响家长参与幼小衔接的复杂因素。因而,在教育过程中,学校和教师要积极主动联系家长,为家长提供相关信息,建立良好的家校联系,在鼓励家长参与的同时帮助儿童的幼小衔接。     

幼儿园与小学衔接的困境与路径探析——基于“双向衔接”的视角

一直以来,幼小衔接备受教师和家长的关注和重视,需要幼儿园和小学在教育阶段上互相连接,双向衔接就显得尤为重要。然而,在新形势下,幼小衔接工作的开展存在诸多困境,制约着衔接的科学性,还有部分教师和家长对幼小衔接存有“谁来衔接、衔接什么、如何衔接”的困惑。本文对这些困惑进行了澄清,并根据存在的问题提出了幼小衔接的实现路径：幼儿园向上衔接到小学,在儿童入学准备中凝聚“推力”;小学向下衔接到幼儿园,在儿童入学适应中跑好“接力”;建立协同共育的家、园、校关系,增强幼小衔接教育合力;提升教师幼小衔接素养,打造高素质教师队伍;加大幼小衔接综合治理力度。     

幼小衔接视角下教师对儿童语言入学准备观念的研究

本研究对杭州地区幼儿园教师与小学一年级语文教师进行了结构式访谈。结果发现:儿童必备的语言入学准备能力可归纳为12个项目,教师最重视儿童在"口语交际"领域的入学准备能力,"前阅读技能"领域其次,儿童在"口语交际"领域的入学准备最差。语言入学准备的幼小衔接活动缺失,幼儿园与小学教师在语言入学准备的观念上存在差异性。因此,应尽早制定语言课程的幼小衔接实施方案,重视教师在幼小衔接中的作用,提高儿童语言入学准备的实效性。     

利益相关者视角下的幼小衔接

从利益相关者视角出发,幼小衔接的利益核心可定为5—7岁的儿童,其利益相关者主要为教师、家长、幼儿园、小学、政府及社会。通过结合各利益相关者不同的利益诉求,分析出利益诉求的差异所产生的利益冲突,主要发生在利益群体间和利益群体内部间。基于此,为促进幼小科学衔接,各利益相关者应合力建设幼小衔接发展共同体,即责任目标共同体、合作实践共同体与资源统筹共同体。     

幼小衔接中的家长参与

<正>一、家长参与是影响幼小衔接的重要因素在众多影响幼小衔接的因素中,家长参与的作用十分突出。父母的教养方式、亲子关系等不仅会影响儿童在幼小衔接过程中的认知、情感等表现,还可以预测儿童早期的学业与社会技能。家长积极参与幼小衔接教育,既可以帮助儿童更好地做好入学准备,又可以协助教师有效地开展教育实践,具体体现在以下两个方面:首先,家长的指导和支持可有效促进儿童     

大班教师幼儿入学准备观念的现状调查——以商丘市为例

近年来,幼儿园教育"小学化"问题如火如荼.与之紧密相关的"入学准备""幼小衔接"却迟迟没有一个清晰的界定,导致一线教师无法准确把握儿童入学准备的工作要求.因此,本研究以大班教师为研究对象,运用问卷调查法和访谈法,对大班教师的入学准备观念进行调查分析,结果发现:大班教师的入学准备观念片面且不稳定、与小学衔接不够紧密.基于此,笔者认为应该从普及入学准备知识、促进教师专业发展和加强幼小教育联系三个方面,促进教师观念的有效衔接.     

利益相关者视角下幼小衔接教育观的差异——基于家长、幼儿园教师、小学教师的实证比较

本研究通过问卷对黑龙江省10所幼儿园、8所小学共522名儿童家长、幼儿园教师、小学教师进行调查,考察主要利益相关者对幼小衔接教育的看法、差异以及焦虑情况。结果表明：儿童家长、幼儿园教师、小学教师三方的幼小衔接教育观水平均较高,普遍重视幼小衔接教育;三方在幼小衔接教育观的总体及各个维度层面存在显著差异;三方对幼小衔接教育均呈现较高程度的焦虑,且焦虑内容有差异。基于此,本文提出改进幼小衔接教育实践的策略,包括发展科学认知,强化儿童早期整体发展观;联合多元力量,建立幼小衔接协同合作机制;完善政策法规,推进幼小衔接长效开展。     

发展幼儿基础素质是幼小衔接的最佳结合点

“幼小衔接”一直是社会、教育关注的焦点和许多家长关心的问题。对“幼小衔接”的理解,有些教师和家长缺乏正确的认识．偏激地认为是“知识准备”。于是。主张提前让孩子系统地学拼音、写字、做算题等。以为这样做才能为孩子的入学学习打基础．殊不知．对学前儿童来说,学习知识还不是他们的义务,而发展幼儿的基础素质比“知识”更重要,它是学前儿童日后上学学习和发展的动力基础。本文以发展幼儿的基础素质为视角,探讨“幼小衔接”的新思路。     

主要利益相关者在幼小衔接教育观上的差异与冲突——以对学习品质的认识为例

幼小衔接的主要利益相关者包括教师、家长、教育管理者等。文章分析了幼儿园与小学在学习环境、学习方式、行为规范等诸多方面存在着"断层",认为在幼小衔接工作中,幼儿的学习品质培养至关重要。文章基于问卷调查、数据统计与分析发现幼小衔接的主要利益相关者对学习品质的认识存在显著差异,针对这一现状提出若干建议,以期推动各方达成共识并展开合作,促进幼儿形成良好的学习品质。     

Purposes of Early Childhood Education: expressed views of teachers and parents in Hong Kong

This article reports on a study of 100 Chinese parents and 100 Chinese teachers in Hong Kong who were interviewed on a range of questions relating to their views on the purposes of early childhood education. In Hong Kong early childhood education refers to kindergartens and nursery centres. The administrative division in Hong Kong between kindergarten and nursery centres leads to community views whereby nurseries are perceived as being child minding centres only. The study analyses and compares the views of both parents and teachers showing where congruence and differences occur.     

浅析如何将民间游戏与幼儿园绘画教学相结合

目前,幼儿教学越来越受到家长和教师的重视,幼儿时期是孩子快速成长和发展的重要时期,在幼儿时期对孩子开展美术教学对培养孩子健康成长具有重要作用,本文提出将民间游戏与绘画教学相结合有利于培养孩子的美术学习兴趣和提升孩子的各项能力。具体的,教师可以选择将“比手影”“捉迷藏”和“过家家”民间游戏与绘画教学相结合,通过将游戏与绘画相融合开展幼儿绘画教学活动,有利于锻炼孩子的动手能力、观察能力和表达能力等,同时对于孩子身心健康发展具有重要作用。     

计算机与幼儿园课程的整合

本文主要探讨了计算机整合于幼儿园课程的几个问题，包括怎样理解计算机整合于幼儿因课程的含义，将计算机整合于幼儿因课程的意义，以及整合的具体方式，并对整合过程中遇到的问题如教师自身的计算机基础、软件在课程整合中的作用等问题进行了简要探讨。     

Using the newspaper to support children's emerging literacy

Young children's literacy development involves emerging knowledge, skills, and attitudes about both written and oral language. However, until relatively recent years, children's oral language development has received the lion's share of attention in most early childhood programs. What young children know about written language and their natural ability to learn about writing and reading have been underestimated and misinterpreted and so have received little developmentally appropriate support from early childhood program administrators, teachers, parents, and the public.June Rose Richie is Associate Professor of curriculum and instruction, while Janet E. Foster is Assistant Professor and John M. Johnston is Professor of early childhood education, at Memphis State University, Memphis, TN.     

幼教工作者对特殊幼儿融合教育问题的态度和意见的调查研究

为了解普通幼儿园工作者对特殊幼儿融合教育问题的态度和意见,本文对174名教师和保育员进行问卷调查,主要发现:(1)幼教工作者对特殊幼儿有一定的了解,但不够深入;(2)幼教工作者以及普通幼儿家长在保障师资、设备以及教育方式的情况下,更乐意接受特殊幼儿进入普通幼儿园;(3)幼教工作者认为学前阶段实施特殊教育最需解决的问题依次为师资问题、设备问题、家长观念、教师观念、经费问题以及专设督导机构问题。     

Documenting with early childhood education teachers: pedagogical documentation as a tool for developing early childhood pedagogy and practises

The Finnish social pedagogical curriculum for early childhood education directs early childhood teachers to use documentation to assess and develop pedagogy and practise. This empirical study examines the challenges and benefits a group of Finnish preschool teachers experienced when they learned to document their work. Although the idea of documenting appears fine in theory, and international experiences of constructing child-centered pedagogy through documents are promoted in the literature, accomplishing this task successfully is challenging in practise. In this study, as the features of documentation in early childhood education and care practise were considered critically, ideological discord was found within the national and local policy-making process, including problems with pedagogical leadership, which reduced the power of documentation in practise. However, the study also revealed that using documentation empowered the teachers as professionals, helped them communicate with parents and children, and guided them to focus on the children’s views.     

“Doing the Math”: Maternal Beliefs About Early Mathematics Versus Language Learning

Research Findings: Little is known about how parents approach preschoolers' mathematics learning and how this aligns with early mathematics education research and policy. This study examined these questions by contrasting parents' approaches to early mathematics and language and by exploring key themes in parents' talk about mathematics learning and education. Consistent with current research and policy, parents reported helping preschoolers learn mathematics and attempting to connect this learning to children's interests and everyday experiences. However, parents admitted to lacking goals for and knowledge about early mathematics. In addition, compared to language, parents reported that mathematics was taught less often at home, should be emphasized less in preschools, was less interesting to preschoolers, required more direct instruction, and was less of a personal interest and strength. Practice or Policy: Parent interventions could capitalize on parents' beliefs and practices by providing parents with concrete examples of what mathematics preschoolers learn through daily activities, how to maximize children's mathematics interests, and what the similarities are between early mathematics and language. These efforts will also need to help parents overcome their mathematics anxieties and show parents why early mathematics education is important. Similar strategies could be used to help early childhood teachers improve their mathematics practice.     

幼儿常见的安全问题及家长对其认知的调查

调查表明，幼儿常见的安全问题主要为摔伤或碰伤、异物入体、扎伤或戳伤、烫伤或烧伤、动物咬伤等；造成幼儿意外伤害的主要原因是幼儿好奇、缺乏对危险事物或行为的认识、活动时不小心以及成人的照顾不周；家长对孩子涉及最多的安全指导为交通安全和人际交往安全；多数家长对孩子在园的安全状况表示出一定程度的担心，其担心的重点为孩子与同伴交往时的安全以及运动中的安全。     

Section II - Quality from the Perspective of Stakeholders: Quality in Early Childhood Programs? Underlying Values

Quality is a value-laden and context-bound concept. Drawing on cultural psychology, this study examines the nature of cultural values underlying definitions of quality in American early childhood programs. From semi-structured interviews with 15 teachers and 15 administrators in center-based early childhood programs, three themes emerged: (a) safety and health first, (b) raising independent children, and (c) developmental appropriateness. Although participants' definitions of quality wove together diverse beliefs about childhood and learning, the view that young children learn best by self-exploration of their world was salient. The ability to explore was believed to become more elaborate as children move through developmental stages. We analyze practitioners' views of young children's abilities and of their learning and development by examining how they are shaped by Western values of independence and individualism. We suggest that these values restrict educators' vision of how to scaffold children's learning in the social and cultural milieu.     

Understanding and Building upon Children's Perceptions of Play Activities in Early Childhood Programs

Early childhood educators are in agreement that children should spend part of each day engaged in play activities. Play is generally viewed by adults as a time when children direct their own activity. However, little discussion has focused on how children and teachers in the same classroom perceive playtime. This article reviews research on the differences between children's and teachers' views of play and presents a continuum of activities from work to play. Based upon observations of how one child was redirected during free playtime, the author suggests ways in which teachers might respect and foster children's play.