Chronic undernutrition,short-term hunger,and student functioning in rural northwest China

Chronic undernutrition and hunger remain significant problems for children, in global perspective, and may have important implications for children's ability to function effectively at school. In this paper, we capitalize on a longitudinal data set of children in 100 villages in Gansu Province to estimate differences in achievement, behavior, and long-term persistence associated with chronic undernourishment and short term hunger. We show that chronic undernourishment and short-term hunger relate to children's school functioning in distinct ways: chronically undernourished children have poorer literacy acquisition and subsequent school persistence, while children who report subjective hunger have more behavioral problems.     

Psychological maltreatment,coping strategies,and mental health problems: A brief and effective measure of psychological maltreatment in adolescents

Psychological maltreatment is an important social and public health problem and associated with a wide range of short and long-term outcomes in childhood to adulthood. Given the importance of investigating mitigating factors on its effect, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the mediating effect of active and avoidant coping strategies on the association between psychological maltreatment and mental health– internalizing and externalizing– problems in adolescents. Participants of the study consisted of 783 adolescents, ranging in age from 14 to 18 years (M = 15.57, SD = 0.88), with 52.9% female and 47.1% male. Several structural equation models were conducted to investigate the mediating role of coping strategies on the effect of psychological maltreatment on adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Findings from mediation analyses demonstrated the mediating effect of active and avoidant coping strategies on the association between psychological maltreatment and mental health problems. The outcomes support adolescents use more avoidant coping strategies and fewer active coping strategies in the face of psychological maltreatment experiences, and this affects their mental health. Taken together, these results should contribute to the design of prevention and intervention services in order to promote mental health.     

Physical Appearance and Intimate Friendship in Adolescence： A Study Using a Portuguese College Student Sample

A group of students enrolled in the 12th year of education, was asked to answer a direct application questionnaire containing the following measures： Intimate Friendship Scale （IFS） （Sharabany, 1994）, The Self-perception Profile for College Students （Neemann ＆ Harter, 1986） adapted for the Portuguese population （Ribeiro, 1994） and Social Notation of Family Scale -Adapted Graffar, adapted of the original （Graffar, 1956）. The values of Intimate Friendship are higher for girls and the values of Perception of Physical Appearance, were higher for boys.     

新疆乌鲁木齐市友好街区店铺名称的文化蕴涵

在实地调查、访谈的基础上,对搜集的155家店铺名称进行了统计和归类,阐释了蕴涵其中的文化信息。     

Child and family-level correlates of direct and indirect peer victimization among children ages 6–9

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and child and family-level correlates of direct and indirect victimization by peers among children ages 6–9. Four hundred and twenty-five children were included in the final sample. Data for this study were drawn from the first wave of the Developmental Victimization Survey. Logistic regression models were used to examine associations between children's demographics, anxiety, depression, anger, parent–child relationship, and exposure to family violence and children's experience of direct or indirect victimization by peers. The results showed that increased depression scores and exposure to family violence were associated with increased risk for direct and indirect victimization by peers. Black children were more likely to experience direct victimization and less likely to experience indirect victimization compared to White children. Child's race significantly moderated the association between parental criticism and indirect victimization. Child's gender did not significantly moderate these associations. Implications for developmentally specific prevention and intervention approaches that are grounded in a social-ecological framework are discussed.     

Friendship formation in inclusive early childhood classrooms: what is the teacher’s role?

This study examined strategies teachers reported using to support friendships among young children in inclusive early childhood classrooms. The teachers included 25 general early childhood educators from 9 child care centers and 20 early childhood special educators from 9 specialized programs. The Playmates and Friends Questionnaire for Teachers documented the number and nature of children’s friendships and teachers’ reported use of 11 different strategies to support individual friendships. Overall, the friendship strategies that teachers reported using most frequently included providing sufficient free choice time, allowing children to form their own friendships, and commenting on the play between friends. The majority of teachers reported rarely using two strategies: arranging for children to play together outside of the classroom and allowing two friends to exclude other children from their play. Teachers reported using more active friendship strategies to support dyads in which one or both children had special needs. Implications of these findings to support friendship formation in inclusive early childhood settings and directions for future research are presented.     

洪晧在金交游考

洪晧(1088-1155)字光弼,谥号忠宣,是南宋前期著名的爱国志士。他于高宗建炎三年(1129),以大金通问使的身份奉命出使金国,却被金人扣留十五年(1129—1142),虽历尽艰辛终得全节而归,被当时誉为\"忠贯日月,志不忘君,虽苏武不能过\",赢得当时及后世盛誉。洪晧被迫滞留金国的十余年中,因各种契机与金国的上层完颜希尹、金国的贵族青年完颜希尹之子、屈节仕金的宋朝旧臣宇文虚中以及与他一样出使不改其志的同调王伦、朱卞、张邵多有交集,本文立足史料对其在金交游情况做一梳理。     

明末清初杜诗学者占籍考述及其群体特质探询

明末清初杜诗学者的占籍多集中在江南地区.这一时期杜诗学者之间的交往与互动紧密频繁,已经形成了一个互通声气、彼此对话的学术网络.在这个网络中处于顶端的学者同时也是该时期学术史上领袖群伦的人物,明末清初杜诗学正是以他们为中枢发射光芒.     

“Is the friendship worth keeping:” Gender differences in communicating forgiveness in friendships

Although forgiveness plays an integral role in friendship maintenance, interpersonal communication scholarship has largely overlooked how transgressions and forgiveness are negotiated between friends. This study focuses on gender differences to develop a typology of relational transgressions in friendships. Two hundred and thirty survey respondents (116 women and 114 men) described relational transgressions in their friendships, the perceived severity of these transgressions, and strategies used to communicate forgiveness. A combination of MANCOVA and inductive analyses reveals gender differences. While male transgressions typically involve encroaching on other intimate relationships and theft, female transgressions emphasize disclosing personal communication beyond the friendship’s boundaries. Conflicts between male friends could escalate from verbal to physical aggression, whereas female friends were likely to sabotage other close relationships that threatened the friendship. Finally, males preferred to communicate forgiveness using the minimizing strategy, while female friends generally favored the discussion and conditional forgiveness strategies. Overall, the perceived severity of a transgression was positively related to use of the discussion and conditional forgiveness strategies, and negatively related to the minimizing strategy. The implications of these findings are discussed.