运动对心肌线粒体钙和细胞色素C的影响

目的：研究运动对心肌线粒体钙浓度和细胞色素C含量的影响，以探讨运动对心肌细胞凋亡影响的作用机制。方法：以大鼠中等运动强度训练，一次性力竭运动和过度训练为运动模型，用Dalky的方法和微电极电化学法测定大鼠心肌线粒体钙离子的浓度和心肌细胞中细胞色素C的含量，用MDA和SOD试剂盒测试心肌组织中MDA含量和SOD活性。结果：力竭运动和过度训练可造成大鼠心肌线粒体Ca^2 浓度、心肌细胞中细胞色素C和MDA含量明显增加，SOD活性显著下降（P＜0．01）；而中等强度运动训练未见大鼠心肌线粒体Ca^2 浓度、心肌细胞色素C、MDA含量和SOD活性的显著变化。结论：力竭运动和过度训练造成的心肌线粒体钙超载而致线粒体损伤，使细胞色素C从线粒体漏入胞浆，是力竭运动和过度训练引起心肌细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

运动对骨骼肌线粒体影响的研究进展

本文通过文献资料法,对近年来运动对骨骼肌线粒体形态结构分布、能量代谢、动力学、凋亡、自噬及生物合成方面的影响进行综述.结果发现运动后线粒体发生了再分布并且形态结构和能量代谢相关酶活性出现改变,动力学变化是线粒体对运动的早期适应反应.运动可以影响线粒体自噬、凋亡和生物合成过程,有助于维持线粒体的质量.通过研究,有助于深入认识运动对骨骼肌线粒体影响的分子机制.     

运动与心肌细胞凋亡的线粒体机制

综述了线粒体的结构功能及心肌细胞凋亡过程与线粒体的密切关系,探讨其参与运动诱导心肌细胞凋亡的可能机制.线粒体在心肌细胞凋亡中起关键的作用,细胞凋亡过程中许多重要事件的发生都与线粒体密切相关,包括线粒体通透转变孔道(mPTP)的开放、线粒体膜电位(△Ψm)的丧失、线粒体内外膜间隙促凋亡蛋白的释放、细胞内氧化还原状态的改变、Ca2+超载、Bcl-2家族促进和抑制凋亡蛋白的参与等.     

不同强度运动对大鼠骨骼肌细胞凋亡的影响

通过比较不同强度运动对大鼠不同类型骨骼肌细胞凋亡的影响,研究氧自由基和线粒体摄取Ca2 + 在骨骼肌细胞凋亡中所起的作用,以探寻运动导致骨骼肌细胞凋亡的机制。采用成年雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为安静对照组、中等强度运动组和大强度运动组。测定骨骼肌线粒体中的Ca2 +含量,观察凋亡肌细胞核。结果表明1)中等强度运动组的比目鱼肌的细胞凋亡率明显高于其他组;2 )电镜下观察到凋亡肌细胞核出现染色质凝集到核膜边缘,细胞核呈现不规则形态;3)中等强度力竭性运动后,比目鱼肌线粒体钙含量比对照组增加了5 3% (P<0 .0 5 ) ,其他组线粒体钙含量只有少量的增加,与对照组相比差异不具有显著性意义。结论线粒体内Ca2 +的大量积聚可能激活了细胞凋亡的启动程序,这使得中等强度力竭运动更易于导致慢肌细胞凋亡。     

运动与衰老

分析探讨运动对自由基／抗氧化系统、细胞凋亡、线粒体结构和功能的影响，阐述了运动诱导的损伤时衰老进程的影响及适宜运动延缓衰老的可能机制，指出运动的绩效差异与运动个体的健康水平、运动素质与运动形式密切相关，运动方式的差异是运动对衰老进程产生不同影响的重要原因。     

老年大鼠脑组织、肾脏细胞凋亡水平及有氧运动的干预效果

对老龄大鼠脑组织、肾脏细胞凋亡水平和线粒体膜电位（MMP）以及有氧运动对以上指标的干预效果进行研究,结果显示：老年对照组（A组）脑组织,肾脏细胞凋亡比率高于青年对照组（Y组）,而A组脑组织MMP、肾脏MMP低于Y组;老年运动组（AE组）脑组织、肾脏细胞凋亡比率均低于A组;AE组脑组织MMP高于A组,肾脏MMP与A组无显著性差异。提示有氧运动可有效减少老龄造成的脑组织和肾脏细胞过度凋亡并可维持脑组织线粒体正常MMP。有氧运动维持脑组织线粒体正常MMP的作用可能是其减少脑组织过度凋亡的机制之一。     

氧化应激在衰老性肌萎缩中的作用机理与运动干预探讨

与衰老相关的骨骼肌质量、力量下降称为衰老性肌萎缩.衰老时骨骼肌内氧化应激增强会导致线粒体机能下降、分子炎症,这些因素相互作用诱导肌纤维凋亡,并干扰蛋白质代谢平衡,这可能是衰老性肌萎缩的重要机制.遗传操作研究和运动锻炼研究已证明转录辅激活因子PGC-1α表达增强有利于降低ROS生成并增强线粒体生物合成,降低炎症基因转录.激活蛋白激酶Akt可促进肌肉蛋白质合成,还可抑制蛋白质分解和凋亡.通过运动训练调节PGC-1α、Akt的表达和活性可能是运动干预部分地逆转衰老性肌萎缩的内在机制.探讨衰老性肌萎缩的细胞分子机制及运动干预的作用,在此基础上提出未来研究的方向.     

有氧运动对衰老大鼠心肌、肝脏细胞凋亡及线粒体膜电位的影响

实验研究了有氧运动对于衰老大鼠肝脏和心肌细胞凋亡以及线粒体膜电位(MMP)的影响。结果显示:老年对照组(A组)心肌、肝脏细胞凋亡比率高于青年对照组(Y组),而A组心肌、肝脏MMP低于Y组。老年运动组(AE组)心肌、肝脏细胞凋亡比率均低于A组,并且其心肌MMP高于A组。结果提示,有氧运动可有效减少衰老造成的心肌和肝脏细胞过度凋亡。有氧运动维持心肌线粒体正常MMP的作用可能是其减少心肌细胞过度凋亡的机制之一。     

MtDNA突变诱导的细胞凋亡通路对Sarcopenia的作用运动对其影响的分子机制

Sarcopenia是一种随年龄的增加,骨骼肌力量和质量降低损失的老年人多发病症。Sarcopenia发生的具体机制尚未完全明晰,目前一些证据证明线粒体机能障碍和失调的细胞凋亡信号通路在其发病和进展的过程中起到关键作用。此外有研究发现运动训练可以通过改善线粒体机能及影响细胞凋亡信号传导,对衰老骨骼肌产生积极影响。     

大强度运动对大鼠心肌线粒体膜通透性转换孔状态的影响

目的观察大鼠一次性大强度游泳运动后不同时相心肌线粒体膜通透性转换孔(PTP孔)的性状和心肌超微结构等指标的变化情况,探讨线粒体损伤与PTP孔变化之间的关系.方法将32只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为A组(空白对照组,n=8)和B组(大强度运动组,n=24).B组又随机分为运动后即刻组(B1组,n=8),运动后12 h组(B2组,n=8)和运动后24 h组(B3组,n=8).检测各组大鼠线粒体前向角散射(FSC)、线粒体90°侧向角散射(SSC)和线粒体内Rhodamine123的荧光强度值(FL1);电镜观察各组大鼠左室前壁心肌纤维超微结构变化情况.结果B2组FSC值显著高于其他3组(P＜0.05),B2组SSC值和FL1值显著低于其他3组(P＜0.05).电镜结果表明,大强度运动可造成大鼠心肌线粒体损伤,以运动后12 h损伤最为严重.结论大强度游泳运动可能诱发大鼠心肌线粒体膜通透性转换孔的开放,促使线粒体外的物质内流并影响线粒体内结构的改变;大面积的线粒体损伤可能与心肌线粒体膜通透性转换孔的开放有重要的关联性.     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

对欧洲足球技战术发展趋势的思考

结合欧洲足球技战术的发展特点,就鲁能泰山足球队的体能训练、技术训练、防守阵型、进攻方式、定位球、职业态度、球星培养等诸方面所存在的不足进行了分析,提出相应的改进意见。