在法律与科学技术之间

认为在当今科学和技术密切结合且同时作为由社会和国家组织起来的社会活动和社会建制深刻影响现代社会之时,科学技术除作为以经济、政治、文化、法律为语境的文本存在外,同时也作为政治、经济、文化、法律等这些文本的语境存在,赋予这些文本以意义,因而,其与作为现代社会重要制度性、程序性和技术性调控机制的法律之间这种互为文本和语境的关系,以及作为其表征的二者间相通与互异、互动与受制的复杂关系就当同时进入科学学和法学的研究视野。     

A lens of many facets. Science through a family's eyes

This essay argues for the relevance of the history of family life to the history of science, taking the example of the Exners of Vienna. The Exners were an influential case of the nineteenth-century European phenomenon of the "scientific dynasty". The focus here is on their collaborative research on color theory at the turn of the twentieth century. At first glance, this project looks like a reactionary strike against aesthetic innovation, a symptom of what historians assume was an unbridgeable gulf between scientific reason and artistic modernism. We can better understand the Exners' motivations by situating this research at the intersection of the family's public and private lives. The domestic context sheds light on their use of such scientific terms as "subjective", "normal", and "universal", providing a more nuanced sense of what rationality really meant in fin-de-siècle Vienna.     

Women in the early history of genetics. William Bateson and the Newnham College Mendelians, 1900-1910.

William Bateson was one of the pivotal figures in the early history of genetics, having championed the promise of Mendelism to unravel the secrets of heredity. Many refer to the "school" of genetics he directed at Cambridge between 1900 and 1910, but few note that Bateson's group consisted primarily of women. Bateson turned to botanists, zoologists, and physiologists associated with Newnham College, Cambridge, for critical assistance in advancing his research program at a time when Mendelism was not yet recognized as a legitimate field of study. Cambridge women carried out a series of breeding experiments in a number of plant and animal species between 1902 and 1910, the results of which provided crucial evidence that both supported and extended Mendel's laws of heredity. This essay shows how the situation of women in science in the early twentieth century was a factor--along with scientific, institutional, social, and political developments--in establishing the new discipline of genetics.     

政治文化视阈中的农村民主政治发展路径论析

农村民主政治发展从政治文化角度看,离不开民主政治文化的培植、农民现代政治的人格提升、农民对政治制度运作规范的信心。民主政治文化的培植,需要在整合农村内部传统政治文化和农村外部现代政治文化基础上,发挥农民主体自身推进政治文化民主化转型的创造性;农民现代政治人格塑造需要农民在多通道的政治沟通中学会在表达自身利益的过程中发展政治自我,在多元化的政治社会化中批量接受现代政治信息,在多样化的政治参与中形成对自身政治角色的理性认识;民主政治安排规范化是为了增强农民对村庄民主政治运作的信任,从而实际参与这一政治运作,形成民主的亲身体验,并于这种体验中逐步形成民主、理性和独立的政治品格。     

Local knowledge, environmental politics, and the founding of ecology in the United States. Stephen Forbes and "The Lake as a Microcosm" (1887)

Stephen Forbes's "The Lake as a Microcosm" is one of the founding documents of the science of ecology in the United States. By tracing the connections between scientists and local fishermen underlying the research on floodplain lakes presented in "The Lake as a Microcosm," this essay shows how the birth of ecology was tied to local knowledge and the local politics of environmental transformation. Forbes and the other scientists of the Illinois Natural History Survey relied on fishermen for manual labor, expertise in catching fish, and knowledge of the natural history of the fishes. As Forbes and his colleagues worked in close contact with fishermen, they also adopted many of their political concerns over the privatization of the floodplain and became politically active in supporting their interests. The close connection between scientists and local knowledge forced the ecologists to reframe the boundaries of ecology as objective or political, pure or applied, local or scientific.     

Science and sociability: women as audience at the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1831-1901

This essay recovers the experiences of women at the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) from its founding in 1831 to the end of the Victorian era. It aims to add to research on women in science by reconsidering the traditional role of women as consumers rather than producers of knowledge and to that on science popularization by focusing on audience experience rather than on the aims and strategies of popularizers. The essay argues that, in various ways, the ubiquitous and visible female audience came to define the BAAS audience and "the public" for science more generally. The women who swelled the BAAS audiences were accepted as a social element within the meetings even as they were regarded critically as scientific participants. Portrayed as passive and nonscientific, women allowed the male scientific elites to distance themselves from their audiences. Arguing from diary and other evidence, we present examples that complicate existing notions of audiences for science as necessarily active.     

Racial science in social context: John R. Baker on eugenics, race, and the public role of the scientist

In 1974 a British biologist, John Randal Baker (1900-1984), published a large and controversial book simply entitled Race that reiterated persistent eugenicist themes concerning the relation between race, intelligence, and progress. The history of Baker's book is a case study in the politics of scientific publishing, and his ideas influenced scholars associated with later works such as The Bell Curve. Baker, a student of Julian Huxley, was a longtime participant in the British eugenics movement and opponent of what he took to be a facile belief in human equality. In 1942, together with Michael Polanyi, he founded the Society for Freedom in Science to oppose those who advocated the central planning of scientific research. Baker's eugenics, political activities, and views on race express an elitist individualism, associated with the conservative wing of the eugenics movement, that this paper explores in the context of his career as a whole.     

Political persuasion on social media: A moderated moderation model of political discussion disagreement and civil reasoning

Abstract

Social media and news use arguably contribute to the prevalence of contentious politics because individuals may express dissent through their social networks as they consume news. This study seeks to test whether individuals might be more open to political persuasion in this context, especially if they are exposed to political disagreement or discuss politics in a civil manner. Relying on survey data from the UK, results based on a moderated moderation model show that (a) social media news use predicts political persuasion on social media (direct effects) and, (b) discussion disagreement and civil reasoning moderate this relationship in two-way and three-way interactions.     

Medical instruments in museums: immediate impressions and historical meanings

This essay proposes that our understanding of medical instruments might benefit from adding a more forthright concern with their immediate presence to the current historical focus on simply decoding their meanings and context. This approach is applied to the intriguingly tricky question of what actually is meant by a "medical instrument." It is suggested that a pragmatic part of the answer might lie simply in reconsidering the holdings of medical museums, where the significance of the physical actuality of instruments comes readily to hand.     

Placing performance

This introductory essay discusses the origins of current interest in performances and performativity in the history of science as an outcome of the concern with understanding science as practice that emerged from the 1980s onward. The language of performance, it suggests, provides useful analytic tools for historians of science because it focuses our attention on the bodies of practitioners, their embodied practices, and their presentation of self to different audiences. It provides a new approach to understanding the politics of knowledge production and dissemination. Lastly, the essay suggests, the emphasis on performance invites us to develop new, nontextual strategies for representing our own researches.     

试论战国时期商鞅的治民思想

提到商鞅浮现在人们眼前的是商鞅在秦国的两次变法,这对秦国乃至整个中国的封建社会都有深远的影响后世研究商鞅变法归纳了很多思想,比如商鞅的经济思想法制思想、重农思想等,其中治理民众的思想尤其值得关注,主要有去礼乐尚法治、禁诗书贱学问、重视一言一教等商鞅在变法当中提出并实践的这些治民思想不仅直接影响了其变法的成果,而且对古代中国封建社会的政治思想文化也产生了长远而深刻的影响。     

新课改背景下城市初中体育教学的现状、问题及对策研究

新课改背景下,城市体育教学的发展是一个系统的问题。经研究发现,城市体育教学问题主要从教师、学生和学校三个方面体现出来。据此提出有针对性的建议,促进我国城市体育教学的发展,是研究的意义所在。     

Participation, Remediation, Bricolage: Considering Principal Components of a Digital Culture

Within media theory the worldwide shift from a 19th-century print culture via a 20th-century electronic culture to a 21st-century digital culture is well documented. In this essay the emergence of a digital culture as amplified and accelerated by the popularity of networked computers, multiple-user software, and Internet is investigated in terms of its principal components. A digital culture as an underdetermined praxis is conceptualized as consisting of participation, remediation, and bricolage. Using the literature on presumably “typical” Internet phenomena such as the worldwide proliferation of independent media centers (indymedia) linked with (radical) online journalism practices and the popularity of (individual and group) weblogging, the various meanings and implications of this particular understanding of digital culture are explored. In the context of this essay, digital culture can be seen as an emerging set of values, practices, and expectations regarding the way people (should) act and interact within the contemporary network society. This digital culture has emergent properties with roots in both online and offline phenomena, with links to trends and developments predating the World Wide Web, yet having an immediate impact and particularly changing the ways in which we use and give meaning to living in an increasingly interconnected, always on(line) environment.     

国际安全、国际政治经济与科学技术

 近年来,国际关系开始加强对科学与技术这一议题的关注。以往的文献主要有两条研究路径：国际安全领域的文献主要关注科学技术的变迁如何影响了国际关系;而国际政治经济学的研究主要关注国际关系的变化如何影响了科学技术。国际政治经济学的研究路径试图涉足多个学科聚焦的难题,使得国际关系能够占据新的研究领地。对这一议题的研究,国际政治经济学与国际安全、比较政治经济学以及美国政治经济学出现了交叉和合流。这些努力为未来的研究提供了新的机遇,也为跨学科的合作提供了新的前景。     

"Every boy & girl a scientist": instruments for children in interwar Britain

Historians of science have identified toys as part of their subject's material culture, but there has been little exploration of the production and use of educational or playful objects. Moreover, academic writing on science for children has focused on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This essay argues that our understanding of historical science education can be enhanced by exploring twentieth-century instruments. It uses the example of Construments sets, with which children could build a wide variety of optical instruments from a series of standardized parts. Invented by C. W. Hansel, a school science master, Construments were founded in and responded to contemporary educational practices and debates over "general science," as well as addressing characteristic interwar concerns about adaptability and economy and older ideals of rational entertainment. By exploring the company's instruments, promotional literature, and magazine, and by drawing on the memories of contemporary users, I reconstruct the contexts in which Construments were used, emphasizing the creation of heterogeneous communities vital for the transmission of skills and knowledge.     

西北少数民族传统社会政治文化对政府行为文明的制约因素分析

政府行为文明是政治文明的实践层次,是政治意识文明和政治制度文明的落脚点。在对西北少数民族地区政府行为文明程度的考察中,我们发现有诸多因素制约着政府的行为文明,主要体现在诸如西北少数民族传统社会政治文化、地区生态经济因素、地区政治关系以及体制转型等方面。无论从哪一方面入手,都凸显了其自身的特点和在政府行为文明之路前行的艰辛。从传统社会文化方面来谈,主要表现在宗教文化、社会习俗和政治文化转型方面。因此,对西北少数民族传统社会政治文化方面的研究是十分必要的。     

Plant hormones in war and peace. Science, industry, and government in the development of herbicides in 1940s America

This essay describes the emergence of "hormone" herbicides from academic plant physiology research in America in the late 1930s and 1940s, attending especially to the role of interactions between university scientists, industrial concerns, and government (particularly agricultural) agencies. The importance of an intellectual shift among the physiologists to viewing hormones as plant toxins rather than growth stimulators, spurred by wartime events, is discussed. The essay concludes by exploring the postwar marketing of these hormones as agrichemicals and as lawn treatments for suburban consumers, placing these in the economic and ecological context of other contemporary developments in farming technique.     

Participation,Remediation, Bricolage: Considering Principal Components of a Digital Culture

Within media theory the worldwide shift from a 19th-century print culture via a 20th-century electronic culture to a 21st-century digital culture is well documented. In this essay the emergence of a digital culture as amplified and accelerated by the popularity of networked computers, multiple-user software, and Internet is investigated in terms of its principal components. A digital culture as an underdetermined praxis is conceptualized as consisting of participation, remediation, and bricolage. Using the literature on presumably “typical” Internet phenomena such as the worldwide proliferation of independent media centers (indymedia) linked with (radical) online journalism practices and the popularity of (individual and group) weblogging, the various meanings and implications of this particular understanding of digital culture are explored. In the context of this essay, digital culture can be seen as an emerging set of values, practices, and expectations regarding the way people (should) act and interact within the contemporary network society. This digital culture has emergent properties with roots in both online and offline phenomena, with links to trends and developments predating the World Wide Web, yet having an immediate impact and particularly changing the ways in which we use and give meaning to living in an increasingly interconnected, always on(line) environment.     

History from the ground up: bugs, political economy, and God in Kirby and Spence's Introduction to Entomology (1815-1856)

William Kirby and William Spence's Introduction to Entomology is generally recognized as one of the founding texts of entomological science in English. This essay examines the ideological allegiances of the coauthors of the Introduction. In particular, it analyzes the ideological implications of their divergent opinions on animal instinct. Different vocational pursuits shaped each man's natural history. Spence, a political economist, pursued fact-based science that was shorn of references to religion. Kirby, a Tory High Churchman, placed revelation at the very heart of his natural history. His strong commitment to partisan sectarianism cautions against reference to a homogeneous "natural theology" that was an agent of mediation. Fissures in the "common intellectual context" reached beyond the clash between natural theologians and radical anatomists to render the intellectual edifice of natural theology structurally less sound for the future.     

新时期大学生政治参与意识的研究综述

政治参与意识是衡量一个国家政治参与整体水平的重要因素,也是我国新时期大学生政治素质的重要内容。新时期大学生政治参与意识影响着我国民主政治发展的未来,并在社会主义政治文明建设中发挥着重要的作用。然而,新时期大学生政治参与意识还存在一些问题,学术界对于大学生政治参与意识表现、影响因素及培养提高的策略这些问题进行了广泛的研究,积累了丰富的研究成果,为正确认识新时期大学生政治参与意识所存在的问题及原因,培养和提高大学生政治参与意识水平的对策和途径奠定了重要的理论基础。