The effects of non-specific and specific concepts on tactical creativity in team ball sports

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of various training approaches in team ball sports for the development of tactical creativity. Altogether, 135 children aged about 7 years took part in a 15-month field-based study. They participated either in non-specific treatment groups, a specific handball, soccer or field hockey group, or a control group. General and game-oriented tactical creativity were chosen as outcome measures. Our analysis of treatment-related effects showed that the non-specific groups displayed improvements in general creativity, whereas the specific groups showed improvements in the game-oriented creativity in which they were trained. Furthermore, clear transfer-related effects were observed. The analysis of group-related effects indicated no differences between the approaches. Only the soccer-specific group performed better in nearly all creative values. In conclusion, a non-specific concept appears to be a promising alternative to traditional specific treatments. This is further substantiated by several pedagogical, psychological, and medical arguments.     

Perceived distributed effort in team ball sports

Abstract

In this study, we explored the multifaceted concept of perceived mental and physical effort in team sport contexts where athletes must invest individual and shared efforts to reach a common goal. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 15 Catalan professional coaches (3 women and 12 men, 3 each from the following sports: volleyball, basketball, handball, soccer, and water polo) to gain their views of three perceived effort-related dimensions: physical, psychological, and tactical. From a theoretical thematic analysis, it was found that the perception of effort is closely related to how effort is distributed within the team. Moreover, coaches viewed physical effort in relation to the frequency and intensity of the players’ involvement in the game. They identified psychological effort in situations where players pay attention to proper cues, and manage emotions under difficult circumstances. Tactical effort addressed the decision-making process of players and how they fulfilled their roles while taking into account the actions of their teammates and opponents. Based on these findings, a model of perceived distributed effort was developed, which delineates the elements that compose each of the aforementioned dimensions. Implications of perceived distributed effort in team coordination and shared mental models are discussed.     

对高校运动队与群体工作发展不平衡的探析

群体工作与运动队训练是学校体育工作的两个重要组成部分,由于许多学校把工作重点移向高水平运动队,而忽略了群体工作,造成两者发展的不平衡.为了协调好群体工作与运动队训练的关系,学校领导要端正指导思想,制定计划时要考虑群体与运动队工作的平衡,合理分配与使用体育经费等手段来协调两者的平衡发展.     

2016年欧洲杯葡萄牙队夺冠的技战术分析

运用文献资料法、录像观察法和数理统计法等,对欧洲杯冠军葡萄牙队技战术情况进行研究.结果表明:葡萄牙队把握进球机会的能力并不是很强,在面对比自己实力强的球队时,控球力明显下降,球队的表现不是很稳定,但球队的防守和把握关键球的能力非常强.     

队服颜色影响体育比赛成绩的内稳态研究

将运动训练的内稳态理论与色觉的植物神经模型相结合,发现队服颜色对比赛结果的影响依赖于植物神经内稳态（aulonomic nervous homeostasis,ANH）。队服的颜色分为红、橙、黄等暖色和绿、蓝、紫等冷色。如果队员始终处于ANH,则队服颜色对比赛结果没有影响。如果运动性疲劳引起植物神经偏离ANH,在冷暖对抗中冷色不胜的机会大,彩色与白色的对抗中白色不胜的机会大。     

辽宁优秀运动队团队精神考证

运用访谈、文献资料等方法,阐述团队精神对运动队管理的重大意义,总结辽宁优秀运动队塑造和发展团队精神的经验,分析现阶段运动队团队精神培养遭遇的困惑,并提出解决对策,旨在为弘扬和强化运动队管理的精神力量,以及为我国运动队管理工作的创新提供借鉴。     

"I spy with my little eye!": breadth of attention, inattentional blindness, and tactical decision making in team sports

Failures of awareness are common when attention is otherwise engaged. Such failures are prevalent in attention-demanding team sports, but surprisingly no studies have explored the inattentional blindness paradigm in complex sport game-related situations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the link between breadth of attention, inattentional blindness, and tactical decision-making in team ball sports. A series of studies revealed that inattentional blindness exists in the area of team ball sports (Experiment 1). More tactical instructions can lead to a narrower breadth of attention, which increases inattentional blindness, whereas fewer tactical instructions widen the breadth of attention in the area of team ball sports (Experiment 2). Further meaningful exogenous stimuli reduce inattentional blindness (Experiment 3). The results of all experiments are discussed in connection with consciousness and attention theories as well as creativity and training in team sports.     

Coaching performance and leadership behaviours in team sports

The aim of this study was to investigate coaching performance in team sports taking leadership behaviours into focus. To do so, coaching performance was put in a literature-based frame and analysed with reference to a task structure based on the idea of hierarchical planning. The focus of the paper is on a mixed methods multi-strand study using qualitative as well as quantitative threads to develop and verify a set of coaching strategies focussing on teambuilding and team leadership. Qualitative analyses showed that coaches do have a clear understanding of forming and leading a team, which could be shown by a specific set of strategies being used by high performance coaches from different team sports (basketball, football, handball, and volleyball). These strategies could be confirmed in a sequential quantitative study analysing coaches’ and players’ attitudes towards the previously analysed schemes. The results of this study are discussed in terms of methodical and practical implications.     

Constraints on competitive performance of attacker-defender dyads in team sports

Previous research on coordination dynamics of 1 vs. 1 sub-phases in team sports has reported stable emergent patterns of coordination in the displacement trajectories of attackers and defenders. The aim of this study was to use attacker-defender interactions in competitive team match-play to investigate how the locations of the goal and ball constrain the pattern-forming dynamics of attacker-defender dyadic systems. Ten high-level futsal matches were filmed and 13 goal sequences selected for analysis. Displacements of the players and the ball were filmed and digitized from 52 attacker-defender dyadic system interactions. Results showed that, although attackers and defenders exhibited similar angular orientations to the goal, the latter always remained closer to the goal than attackers. Observations revealed that in-phase patterns of coordination emerged from changes to both the distances and angles of attackers and defenders to the goal. Attackers always remained closer to the ball than defenders, while the latter exhibited a lower angle to the ball than attackers. A pattern of in-phase coordination modes emerged between the attackers and defenders' distances and angles to the ball. This study helps us to understand interpersonal interactions in team sports by explaining how attackers and defenders use information about their relative positioning to the goal and the ball to perform successfully.     

On the tactical significance of game situations in anticipating ball trajectories in tennis

It is hypothesized that live playing situations preceding an opponent's strokes in tennis have sufficient significance to provide expert players with anticipative cues to estimate accurately the spatiotemporal characteristics of oncoming ball trajectories. Seven participants (all expert tennis players) had to watch two players opposed in high, moderate, and low tactical significance situations terminated by a stroke delivered by one of the two players in the direction of the participants. The participants' vision was occluded 100 ms after the stroke, and they had to indicate the zone reached by the ball at the moment of its rebound. Results showed that the essential anticipative information is contained in the view of the opponent's stroke movements, whatever the tactical significance of the situation.     

Evaluation of tactical training in team handball by means of artificial neural networks

While tactical performance in competition has been analysed extensively, the assessment of training processes of tactical behaviour has rather been neglected in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a methodology to assess the acquisition and implementation of offensive tactical behaviour in team handball. The use of game analysis software combined with an artificial neural network (ANN) software enabled identifying tactical target patterns from high level junior players based on their positions during offensive actions. These patterns were then trained by an amateur junior handball team (n = 14, 17 (0.5) years)). Following 6 weeks of tactical training an exhibition game was performed where the players were advised to use the target patterns as often as possible. Subsequently, the position data of the game was analysed with an ANN. The test revealed that 58% of the played patterns could be related to the trained target patterns. The similarity between executed patterns and target patterns was assessed by calculating the mean distance between key positions of the players in the game and the target pattern which was 0.49 (0.20) m. In summary, the presented method appears to be a valid instrument to assess tactical training.     

论青少年运动队的管理和教育

在分析青少年运动员思想特点的基础上提出对青少年运动队进行科学管理和教育的实施意见。     

以发展高水平运动队促进体育课程建设

对西安工业学院高水平运动队发展和体育课程改革的特点进行分析，从大学体育文化建设的层面，提出通过建设大学高水平运动队来推动学校体育教学与群体工作并最终达到高水平运动队与体育课程的互动发展。     

冰壶运动队团队凝聚力影响因素分析

以卡伦(Carron)的凝聚力理论为分析工具,以省级以上冰壶运动队为分析对象,利用文献资料法,从环境、个人、运动队、领导4个方面初步分析了冰壶运动中影响团体凝聚力的因素,并为培养和提高冰壶运动队团队凝聚力提供了一些参考建议。     

体育团队凝聚力的社会学分析

体育团队的正常运转离不开凝聚力，一定的凝聚力是体育团队存在和发展的基本要求，体育团队凝聚力的增强是一个自觉的形成过程，受诸多因素的制约与影响，在实际工作中，要增强体育团队凝聚力；中心工作就是要协调体育团队的各种内外关系。     

体育人文社会学概念的逻辑辨析

采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法,对体育人文社会学概念失范的现象、产生的原因及规范的措施进行了逻辑分析与归纳。结论认为,体育人文社会学概念的失范现象主要表现为内涵不清,外延不明。产生的原因：定义方法的多样,体育人文社会学科专业设置的特殊历史背景,体育人文社会学概念与语词关系的复杂性等。规范的措施：正确处理体育人文社会学概念与语词的关系,避免语词歧义;应采用不同的定义法对体育人文社会学及相关概念进行界定。     

“体育”概念的梳理及匡正

通过对以往国内外学者有关"体育"概念内涵的梳理把握,对体育的总概念作了新的表述:即体育是人类以游戏为主要形式,以促进生命发展,提高生活质量,实现生存价值和意义,并最大限度地发掘人体潜能的有意识、有目的的特殊教育活动。力求突破单纯的学术限定和界定,使得"体育"概念界定与社会实践内容具有一致性。     

Field dimension and skill level constrain team tactical behaviours in small-sided and conditioned games in football

Abstract

This study analysed the influence of field dimension and players’ skill level on collective tactical behaviours during small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs). Positioning and displacement data were collected using global positioning systems (15 Hz) during SSCGs (Gk+4 v. 4+Gk) played by two groups of participants (NLP- national-level and RLP-regional-level players) on different field dimensions (small: 36.8 × 23.8 m; intermediate: 47.3 × 30.6 and large: 57.8 × 37.4 m). Team tactical performance was assessed through established dynamic team variables (effective playing space, playing length per width ratio and team separateness) and nonlinear signal processing techniques (sample entropy of distances to nearest opponents and the teams’ centroids’ mutual information). Results showed that the effective playing space and team separateness increased significantly with pitch size regardless of participant skill level (P < 0.001, η² = 0.78 and P < 0.001, η² = 0.65, respectively). Playing length per width ratio increased with pitch size for the NLP but was maintained at a relatively constant level by RLP across treatments indicating different playing shapes. There was significantly more irregularity in distances to nearest opponents for the NLP in small (P = 0.003) and intermediate fields (P = 0.01). Findings suggest that tactical behaviours in SSCGs are constrained by field size and skill level, which need to be considered by coaches when designing training practices.     

运动训练过程中若干训练理念甄别

采用文献研究法、比较分析法和逻辑分析法,对运动训练过程中训练理念的意义以及六对训练理念的本质和要求进行了甄别分析.研究结果表明:在专项化训练过程中,要提倡与运动员水平相适应的早期专项化,反对早期成人化;提倡高度专项化,反对全面专项化;在一定条件下提倡负荷专项化,避免专项负荷大量化;重视运动训练的全面化,更要重视训练的整体化.运动训练要在技术规范化的基础上发展个体化特点;在遵循训练原则的基础上,强化指标量化调控.