J.S. Mill’s inductive methods in artificial intelligence systems. Part I

The principles of J.S. Mill’s induction are formulated. These principles are developed and formalized for the five J.S. Mill’s inductive methods (the method of agreement, the method of difference, the joint method of agreement and difference, the method of residues, and the method of concomitant variations). The method of agreement, the method of difference, and the joint method of agreement and difference are considered in Part I. The possible strategies of plausible reasoning that realize the interaction of Mill’s induction, analogy, and abduction are formulated. These strategies are considered to be cognitive reasoning (justification is provided).     

Temporal reasoning component for real-time intelligent decision-support systems

Methods and software tools of modeling temporal reasoning for real-time intelligent decisionmaking support systems are considered.     

Modeling of case-based reasoning in intelligent decision support systems

Methods for modeling case-based reasoning (gained experience) in intelligent decision support systems using real-time systems as an example are considered. The main focus is on case retrieval methods. The proposed tools are illustrated by their application in automatic diagnostics and the operative management of technological power block subsystems.     

霍布斯式新闻推理的逻辑、运用及其规制

新闻推理是记者针对特定新闻对象的一种逻辑思维反映活动。从对知觉推理、用语词进行推理、缺损推理到实践推理的方式都有其哲学的规制;而直接指认和联合确认的可靠性法则就是新闻推理结论有效性和正确性的基本依据。霍布斯推理即计算的逻辑思想对于上述新闻判断推理的具体内容和逻辑形式关系的建构有相当的指导意义。     

基于检索表达式的动态推理导航在网络信息检索中的应用

分析归纳目前网络信息检索工具智能检索系统基于检索表达式的动态推理导航的主要方式:启发式动态推理导航、纠错式动态推理导航、转换式动态推理导航、扩展式动态推理导航、相关式动态推理导航、强调式动态推理导航.通过实例说明了这六种基于检索表达式的动态推理导航在网络信息检索中的应用.     

A connectionist model for commonsense reasoning incorporating rules and similarities

For the purpose of modelling commonsense reasoning, we investigate connectionist models of rule-based reasoning, and show that while such models can usually carry out reasoning in exactly the same way as symbolic systems, they have more to offer in terms of commonsense reasoning. A connectionist architecture, CONSYDERR, is proposed for capturing certain commonsense reasoning competence, which partially remedies the brittleness problem in traditional rule-based systems. The architecture employs a two-level, dual representational scheme, which utilizes both localist and distributed representations and explores the synergy resulting from the interaction between the two. CONSYDERR is therefore capable of accounting for many difficult patterns in commonsense reasoning with this simple combination of the two levels. This work shows that connectionist models of reasoning are not just “implementations” of their symbolic counterparts, but better computational models of commonsense reasoning.     

Moral Foundations Theory and Moral Reasoning in Video Game Play: Using Real-Life Morality in a Game Context

Although research has indicated that moral decisions are made during video game play, less research has examined moral reasoning during play. Using a think-aloud protocol, participants’ decisions and reasoning were recorded during game play and coded as either strategic or moral. Players’ reasoning was also coded using Moral Foundations Theory. Results indicated an almost equal percentage of strategic and moral reasoning; the salience of several individual moral foundations predicted moral reasoning during play. Video game experience was positively related to the use of moral reasoning, which can be explained by relating reasoning to rational and experiential processing during game play.     

面向监测预警过程的民族关系知识管理研究

民族关系发展演化过程中的内在规律和历史经验是监测预警的重要基础。提出基于知识管理的民族关系监测预警框架,并从知识的表达、预警过程以及知识管理实施等方面进行研究。采用民族问题案例和预警规则来表达民族关系知识,其中,案例用于组织分布广泛的难以表达的历史经验,预警规则用来表达民族关系内在规律;在预警机制实现上,将案例推理和规则推理集成在一起,能够克服各自的局限性,增强预警系统的灵活性和综合推理能力。     

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较仔细地解剖了Ｊｏｈｎｓｔｏｎ选书专家系统的决策、推理机制，对选书要素在不确定性推理中的具体应用作了说明；对Ｒｕｔｅｌｅｇｅ、Ｓｗｉｎｄｌｅｒ选书标准的适用环境及不适于我国现行的人脑选书判断、手工计算的原因和道理做了说明。     

基于本体理论的文献供应链知识表示及推理

知识表示与匹配推理是语义知识管理的中心环节。为实现文献供应链知识的语义管理，提出文献供应链知识本体模型，以及资源描述框架（RDF）与改进的Voronoi图形式化表示方法；建立了基于RDF形式化表示的定性推理与在此基础上基于改进的Voronoi图形式化表示的定量推理。实验显示，基于形式化表示的推理规则与算法在文献供应链管理中得到合理的结果验证。     

基于语义关系的本体推理规则研究——以国共合作领域本体库为例

本体知识推理的关键任务是分析语义关系、定义和形式化推理规则并对其优化。以国共合作领域本体库为实例,分析领域本体中4种常见语义关系的特点,在此基础上定义了推理规则,并采用JRL规则语言形式化了本体推理规则。     

基于描述逻辑的本体检错推理研究——以国共合作领域本体为例

本体检错推理在本体形式化汉语言的描述逻辑基础上,运用Tableau算法对本体的概念层次,声明的实例以及实例间复杂的语义关系进行检测,以保证本体库结构的逻辑一致性和知识描述的正确性。以国共合作领域本体库为例,探讨了本体检错推理的逻辑基础及Tableau算法的原理,分析本体检错推理的内容,并采用描述逻辑推理接口协议DIG集成描述逻辑推理引擎Racer实现了国共合作领域本体检错推理。     

基于SWRL规则推理的隐含关系挖掘

针对本体系统中,知识的表现形式有限,OWL本身无法建立一般领域的规则,导致很多存在于社会关系本体中的隐含关系信息尚待挖掘的问题,将推理系统中的本体和规则相互分离,在社会关系领域本体的基础上,构建一系列SWRL规则以进行隐含关系的自动挖掘。在实验中,共定义22条关系规则,推理得出50条新的公理,由此进行社会关系本体的自动更新。     

Flagging fake news on social media: An experimental study of media consumers' identification of fake news

Policymakers are taking action to protect their citizens and democratic systems from online misinformation. However, media consumers usually have a hard time differentiating misinformation from authentic information. There are two explanations for this difficulty, namely lazy reasoning and motivated reasoning. While lazy reasoning suggests that people may feel reluctant to conduct critical reasoning when consuming online information, the motivated reasoning theory points out that individuals are also thinking in alignment with their identities and established viewpoints. A proposed approach to address this issue is adding fact-checking flags in the hope that flags could alert people to information falsehoods and stimulate critical thinking. This study examines the impact of fact-checking flags on media consumers' identification of fake news. Conducting an experiment (n = 717) on Amazon Mechanical Turk, the study finds that experimental participants with different political backgrounds depend heavily on flag-checking results provided by flags. Flags are powerful to influence people's judgments in a way that participants have blind beliefs in flags even if the flag assessments are inaccurate. Furthermore, the study's results indicate that flag assessments made by professional fact-checkers or crowdsourcing are equally influential in shaping participants' identification. These observations provide public and private leaders with suggestions that fact-checking flags can significantly affect media consumers' identification of fake news. However, flags appear to have little ability to promote critical thinking in this experiment.     

基于流通数据挖掘的读者阅读兴趣本体模型构建

从检索图书馆读者借阅记录入手,针对读者借阅记录的分类号进行频数统计和聚类分析,并依据获得的借阅兴趣类目构建读者阅读兴趣本体模型。使用SWRL规则描述语言构造推理规则,在Jess推理引擎中进行推理,实现读者阅读兴趣本体模型的动态更新。通过程序测试表明：挖掘流通数据、建立读者阅读兴趣本体模型、利用关系数据库数据和推理方法动态更新本体,是实现个性化荐书服务自动推送的可行方法。     

基于本体的刑事审判案例推理方案研究

构建刑事审判案例推理模型,研究基于历史案例本体知识库对判决结果进行推理的算法。在已构建的刑事审判本体知识库基础上,基于案例特征将决策树、神经网络等算法相结合训练推理模型,预测目标案例的判决结果。实验结果表明：本研究构建的案例推理模型可以较好地对判决类型和刑期进行预测,对审判人员的工作产生积极的数据支撑作用,提升刑事判决领域处理信息的效能。     

新闻推理与论证的语用逻辑研究

抽离语用属性、高度形式化的新闻推理与论证的分析及其评价方式已不能准确刻画、涵盖新闻报道中大量运用的、真实的推理与论证模式。当下非形式逻辑理论正在扩充和修改新闻推理与论证的既有形式化内涵,在并不排斥形式逻辑理性的前提下,致力于发现、分析和发展传受双方在日常新闻报道中所运用的论证标准、程序和模式。这些新闻推理与论证逻辑的语用价值走向对于新闻思维的具体内容和逻辑形式关系的建构有相当的现实意义。     

Argumentation semantics for Active Logic step theories with granulation of time

Active Logic is a conceptual system with principles that are satisfied by reasoning formalisms that are contradiction-tolerant and allow for matching of the reasoning outcomes with moments of time. This paper proposes an approach to building an argumentation semantics for one of such formalisms built on the basis of the logic programming principles. Meanwhile, the concept of granulation of time is applied, with the latter being construed as an external entity that is not dependent on the internal structure of the logic program. The specifics of Active Logic with time granulation demanded a considerable modification of the proposed system of argumentation in comparison to other systems of the type that are available.     

描述逻辑语义推理机制的应用研究

对基于描述逻辑的语义推理机制进行阐述分析，详细探讨在本体构建过程中，运用基于描述逻辑的语义推理进行一致性判定和相容判定的重要性和实现技术。并以具体的本体构建为例，对构建过程中的推理判定进行了验证。