Task complexity and sources of task-related information during the observational learning process

Abstract

Although research has examined the influence of various sources of task information for skill acquisition during observational learning, the results have been ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to examine sources of information in relation to the type of task. One hundred and twenty participants were randomly assigned to one of two sets of six treatment strategies: (1) all model demonstrations; (2) model demonstrations with physical practice with knowledge of performance; (3) model demonstrations with physical practice without knowledge of performance; (4) physical practice without knowledge of performance; (5) physical practice with knowledge of performance; or (6) verbal instructions only. One set learned a simple version of the task while the other set learned a more complex version. Cognitive representation and performance accuracy (spatial and temporal) were assessed. Results indicate that task type does influence the source of information to facilitate skill acquisition. The simple task benefited from model demonstrations, physical practice with knowledge of performance, or a combination of model demonstrations and practice both with and without knowledge of performance, while the complex version benefited more from a combination of model demonstrations and knowledge of performance practice. The results of this study provide an insight into the ambiguity that exists within the observational learning and motor learning literature regarding the effectiveness of information sources for motor skill acquisition.     

论学校体育基础知识课

上好体育基础知识课 ,可提高学生对体育的认识 ,端正学习态度 ,明确学习目的 ,充分调动学生学习、锻炼的积极性 ,有利于学生掌握体育的基本技术、技能 ,增强学生体质 ,防止伤害事故 ,以及进行思想品德教育等具有重要意义。教育部颁发的全日制《体育教学大纲》中明文规定了体育基础知识的教材内容。作为体育教师 ,怎样才能上好这一课 ?本文主要从体育基本知识的任务、内容、授课方法进行论述 ,为提高学校体育教学提供理论依据     

Preservice teachers perspectives and experiences teaching personal and social responsibility

ABSTRACT

Background: Pedagogical models have become an established component of physical education over the past several decades. One such model, the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility model, has gained momentum in practice and research, though little is known regarding its use in preservice teacher training. The model follows a flexible format focused on teaching life skills (e.g. leadership) that can be applied in all lived ecologies. Occupational socialization theory provides insight into the pretraining and teacher education experiences of preservice teachers that shape their understanding and practice of physical education and associated pedagogical models.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of a sequence of methods courses and early field experiences on U.S. preservice teachers’ understanding and implementation of the teaching personal and social responsibility model with youth from a community affected by poverty.

Method: This study took on a phenomenological and social constructivist approach. Ten preservice teachers (9 males, 1 female) took part in the study. The participants were an average age of 22.10 years old (SD?=?4.38) and seven identified as White and three as Black. Each participant was enrolled in methods and early field experience coursework that provided scaffolded training in primary education in a community affected by poverty. Preservice teachers team-taught groups of 10–15 children twice a week along with one day committed to on-campus reflection. Data collection included autobiographical essays, critical incident reports, reflective journals, non-participatory observations and field notes, and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed deductively through the lens of occupational socialization theory, and inductively as theory divergent trends were sought. Open and axial coding was completed with member checking throughout, resulting in a final set of themes and subthemes.

Findings: The preservice teachers initially struggled to connect with their students due to conflicting backgrounds, but the teaching personal and social responsibility model guided the relationship-building process. As the model was continuously utilized, more empathy and care were shown towards the children. Preservice teachers felt there was a lack of progression in positive behaviors but were able to empower youth and felt that the model was culturally relevant. Overtime, the students began to appreciate the affective domain despite the challenge of working in a community affected by poverty through frustration towards the larger system limiting any potential progress was present.

Conclusions: Subjective theories transitioned to include relationship building and life skills learning, likely because of the extended field experience and faculty support. The preservice teachers desire to connect with and teach the students well displays the connection between models-based practice and positive relationships. Preservice teachers’ knowledge of their students was limited as it was based on secondhand knowledge of youth, teacher educators, and school staff. Evidence indicates some cultural responsiveness development though there were also elements of a deficit model due to white privilege and class differences. Further work explicitly integrating a culturally relevant approach and social justice in teacher education programming should occur.     

西安市普通高校体育理论课程教学制约因素研究

通过对影响西安市普通高校体育理论课程教学因素的深入分析,发现制约其发展的主要因素有相关领导重视程度、体育理论课程课时设置、课程教材与教学内容选择、体育教师自身知识结构与教学水平、体育理论课程教学形式及考核评价体系等方面。对体育理论课程教学制约因素进行研究,目的是使体育理论课程教学能在学生体育知识与技能掌握中发挥应有的作用,最终顺利实现体育教育的任务与目标。     

Differential Treatment of Whole Classes by a University Dance Teacher

abstract

The purpose of this case study was to examine whether a university dance teacher treated students in two dance classes differentially. Based on instructor feedback results, it was found that students were treated differentially. Students in the beginning jazz class received less instructive feedback than students in the beginning modern dance class. Data were collected through informal interviews and analysed following tenets of qualitative research. Themes which emerged from the interviews included the teacher's teaching philosophy, her style of teaching, her preference for one dance style over the other, her physical limitations, and the mixture of student abilities. It was suggested that this differential treatment was the result of the teacher viewing the two classes differently through her own lenses composed of her beliefs, curricular knowledge, values, movement preferences, and experiences as a student herseff. Findings from this study have relevance for teacher educators, dance teachers, and pre‐service teachers. The importance of personal teaching philosophy, teaching style, preference for a specific dance style, and specific movement preferences cannot be overlooked as factors affecting one's teaching. When these factors impact instructive feedback negatively then alternative measures must be considered to enhance the teaching‐learning environment.     

“角色互换”教学模式在体育教学中的应用

"角色互换"教学法通过"教"与"学"的角色互换,让学生处于教学的主体地位、成为教学的中心,教师不只是知识的传授者,而是学习过程的组织者、指导者、帮助者、促进者。教材所提供的知识不再是教师传授的内容,而是学生主动建构意义的对象,媒体也不再是帮助教师传授知识的手段、方法,而是用来创设情景,进行协作学习和会话交流的认知工具。通过"提出问题",进行"初学"→创设情景,进行"再学"→协作学习→角色互换→效果评价这一基本教学模式,让学生进行自主学习,形成对所学知识意义建构。     

Learning to teach sport education: investigating a pre-service teacher’s knowledge development

The pre-service teacher (PST) learning process has been claimed to include multiple and complex forms of learning because various areas of knowledge growth occur at the same time. In the Sport Education (SE) literature, there has been a noticeable dearth of research regarding how PSTs learn, interpret and deliver the model. While several studies report PSTs having experienced SE prior to the formal study being carried out, to our knowledge, only one study has followed PSTs through a series of learning experiences. In this study, we used the three-level model of learning as a framework to investigate a PST’s continuing process of learning to teach SE as part of a PETE program and while teaching during the school placement component of the PETE program. The study was guided by the question, ‘How does a PST’s knowledge of teaching and learning SE develop?’ This study reports on one physical education PST learning to teach SE. The learning experience was composed of four PETE courses (two content courses and two school placements) divided into five phases. Data collection employed five semi-structured interviews, coursework and a focus group. Data were analyzed using a hybrid approach of inductive and deductive theme development. Results revealed that the PST progressively developed conscious awareness and understanding about teaching and learning SE. The comprehensive learning experience made the PST develop understanding of teaching and learning SE that reflected knowledge on an abstract level. Studying the relationships between SE concepts, while connecting them with knowledge from various PETE courses, the theoretical foundation of SE became accessible. We encourage physical education teacher educators to allow for a continuing growth of understanding where PSTs develop knowledge through various SE learning and teaching experiences tailored around their needs and concerns.     

Toward a critical race pedagogy of physical education

ABSTRACT

Background: A critical race theory of education has a been a popular framework for understanding racial inequities teaching and teacher education. Furthermore, it has served as the foundation for critical race research methodologies and critical race pedagogy, which are meant to address racial inequity via research and teaching, respectively. With regard to critical race pedagogy, there has been no specific conceptualization for the preparation of physical educators.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present a critical race pedagogy of physical education teacher education (PETE).

Key Concepts: In the paper, critical race theory and critical race pedagogy are highlighted as the conceptual roots of a critical race pedagogy of PETE. In doing so it offers a critique of resource pedagogies and their conceptualization in PETE. Critical race theory has been described as a scholarly movement that seeks to uncover and dismantle systemic racism while rejecting incrementalism. Critical race pedagogy is an approach to teaching that is informed by critical race theory and womanism. A critical race pedagogy of PETE builds upon previous conceptualization of critical race pedagogy by offering the (a) recognition context; (b) the value of Black self-reliance; (c) and the value of the Black body as its foundations.

Discussion and Conclusion: A critical race pedagogy of PETE adheres to a post-White orientation. As such, this approach to teaching recognizes that Black physical education involves Black people and Black places without subordinating or comparing them to White people and White places. It is also a challenge for Black scholars and teacher educators within PETE to focus their attentions, intentions, and efforts to the sustaining of Black educational institutions and the training of Black physical educators for Black communities. Thus, I acknowledge context within the post-White orientation allowing for an appropriate reorienting of a critical race pedagogy of PETE to meet the needs racially minoritized communities globally.     

Goal Orientation and the Modeling Process: An Individual's Focus on Form and Outcome

Abstract

One's achievement goal orientation (e.g., task, ego) is suggested to reflect a differential focus on skill mastery and performance outcome (Duda, 1992). Goal orientation has further been suggested to be an important observer characteristic in the observational learning of motor skills (McCullagh, Weiss, & Ross, 1989). This study assessed the relationship between goal orientation and a focus on form and outcome aspects of a motor skill demonstration with college students (N = 30) having low perceived ability, knowledge, and experience in tennis. Participants viewed several videotaped demonstrations of a correctly performed tennis forehand and then visual recognition and verbal recall accuracy of form and outcome task characteristics were assessed. A canonical correlation analysis revealed a nonsignificant relationship between goal orientation and recall and recognition of form and outcome task characteristics. These results provide preliminary evidence to suggest that goal orientation may not be an important observer characteristic in the learning phase of the modeling process. Also, achievement goal orientations may not be associated with a differential focus on skill mastery or performance outcome but instead remain a reflection of divergent processes of success evaluation.     

归因理论在篮球技术教学中的应用探析

通过问卷调查法、文献资料法、访谈法和数理统计法探析了归因理论在篮球技术教学中的应用,如对激发学生学习的积极性、提高教学质量具有积极意义。并指出教师在篮球教学中要进行自我归因,并掌握归因技巧,引导学生在技术学习过程中进行积极的归因,从而提高篮球技术的教学效果。     

健美操课“组合型教学”模式对女大学生自信心的影响

本文通过文献资料、问卷调查、实验法、数理统计等研究方法,在健美操课程中实施"组合型教学模式"主要是采用教师跟音乐分解示范——再完整示范——讲解——小组自练、自编——各小组进行表演的教学程序。"组合型教学模式"的教学方案在健美操教学中进行教学实践,结果表明该教学模式有助于学生克服自卑,提高自信心及学生学习的自主性和创新能力,还可以激发学生的学习主动性,还可以提高学习成绩。     

中学女性体育教师胜任力实证分析

教师专业化发展的不断深入对体育教师的综合素质提出新的要求。基于胜任力理论的研究成果,结合学科、学段以及性别特征,构建了中学女性体育教师胜任力模型——KAP金字塔模型;通过SPSS和AMOS等数理统计方法对收集的数据进行处理,对理论模型构建的综合知识、教学能力和个性特质三个维度进行实证检验,结果显示,胜任力理论模型与实证数据基本契合。     

A Longitudinal Study of the Transition from Doctoral Student to Faculty Member in Physical Education

ABSTRACT

Purpose: A paucity of literature examines how doctoral students are prepared for the transition into physical education teacher education faculty roles. Given the need to understand how doctoral programs impact such preparation, we sought to investigate this process using a longitudinal approach grounded in occupational socialization theory. Method: Fourteen participants (8 males, 6 female) were interviewed during final stages of doctoral programs and their first years in faculty positions; questions focused on key socializing agents and experiences that shaped their preparation for their academic careers. Data were analyzed using a constant comparison approach entailing open and axial coding. Results: Strong advisor-advisee relationships and finding a supportive department culture during one’s first faculty position were key socializing mechanisms. Participants who independently sought research experiences transitioned more smoothly into faculty roles; however, many had heavy teaching loads which conflicted with ambitions to regularly conduct research. Further, some faculty members experienced tense sociopolitical environments which hindered their productivity and confidence in current job roles. Conclusions: Our results speak to the challenges and successes that faculty members experience as they transition into the academy. Findings have implications for further research and practice to enhance the quality of doctoral education and faculty induction programs.     

A Participant-Observation Study of Knowledge Restructuring in a Field-Based Elementary Physical Education Methods Course

Abstract

This paper describes how seven undergraduate students restructured knowledge during a field-based elementary physical education methods course. Guided by the teacher educator the students planned, taught, and reflected on a series of lessons to children in an elementary school. Theoretical course knowledge was integrated into planning and reflecting sessions. Data were collected and analyzed using interpretive research methodologies. The researcher observed and recorded field notes during all class sessions, conducted three formal and many informal interviews with all seven students, and collected available, pertinent documents. All data were categorized, and similarities in what and how the students learned were identified. The students reported knowledge restructuring as a salient aspect of field-based learning. Based on a cognitive theoretical perspective, this study described students as active, goal-oriented learners who, at times, recognized and restructured problematic prior knowledge to form a more differentiated understanding of teaching and children.     

情绪调控对冰上课教学质量的影响

随着教育心理学理论研究的不断深入,体育教育工作者们已经初步认识到“以情优教”的重要意义。将情绪的调控应用到冰上课教学之中,通过教学实验,显示出学生情绪的有效调控有助于学生学习兴趣和学习效果的提高。总结出学生学习情绪的影响因素有教学内容因素、教学环境因素、教学评价因素和教师因素。提出选择适宜的教学内容和方法,激发学生学习的主动性和积极性;合理规划教学场地、器材,调动学生们的学习热情;构建合理的评价体系,形成自我激励机制;优化教师知识结构,诱导学生的积极情绪状态等情绪调控的具体手段,为冰上课教学改革提供理论依据。     

体育大学生学习障碍及学习策略的教学实践研究

为建立提高体育大学生学习质量的教学模式，制定学生学习策略及评价方法，运用教育测量、教学实践和数理统计法对沈阳体育学院运动训练系、体育教育系4个年级共258名学生进行了调查。主要研究结果与结论体育大学生学习障碍主要表现在学习方法不当，学习动力不足，抱负水平不高，责任感不强；各系、各年级男女各项指标均无显著性差异；在学习方法、师生关系、抱负水平、责任感等方面低年级与高年级有不同的表现，且高年级占一定的优势。建立的“定向课堂环境”学习策略，“6环节系统”学习策略、“师生互动”教学模式，经过6个月的教学实践，收到良好的教学效果。     

研究性学习策略引入普通高校篮球选项课的实验研究

研究性学习是集中体现现代教学理念的一种新的学习方式,它以培养学生的创新精神和实践能力为目的,具有开放性、主体性、综合性和实践性的特点,在强调学生自主探究学习的今天,它必将成为课程与教学运行的重要理念与策略,具有重要的教学与发展价值。本文以篮球选项课为实验,证实了研究性学习策略比传统教学法,更有利于提高学生理论知识水平、技术技能和观察、分析、解决问题能力,并且可以发展学生的创造性思维,充分体现学生的主体地位和教师的主导作用。因此,研究性学习策略不但适应高校篮球选项课教学,而且也为其他运动项目的教学改革提供了参考。     

Task complexity and sources of task-related information during the observational learning process

Although research has examined the influence of various sources of task information for skill acquisition during observational learning, the results have been ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to examine sources of information in relation to the type of task. One hundred and twenty participants were randomly assigned to one of two sets of six treatment strategies: (1) all model demonstrations; (2) model demonstrations with physical practice with knowledge of performance; (3) model demonstrations with physical practice without knowledge of performance; (4) physical practice without knowledge of performance; (5) physical practice with knowledge of performance; or (6) verbal instructions only. One set learned a simple version of the task while the other set learned a more complex version. Cognitive representation and performance accuracy (spatial and temporal) were assessed. Results indicate that task type does influence the source of information to facilitate skill acquisition. The simple task benefited from model demonstrations, physical practice with knowledge of performance, or a combination of model demonstrations and practice both with and without knowledge of performance, while the complex version benefited more from a combination of model demonstrations and knowledge of performance practice. The results of this study provide an insight into the ambiguity that exists within the observational learning and motor learning literature regarding the effectiveness of information sources for motor skill acquisition.