Gender Differences in Children's Throwing Performance: Biology and Environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the influence of biological and environmental variables on the differences between the throwing performance of 5-year-old girls and boys. A total of 100 children (48 girls, 52 boys) were tested on throwing for distance and rated on two components of throwing form—trunk rotation, and foot action. Children were evaluated on eight biological characteristics—height, weight, body mass index, ponderal index, sum of four skinfolds, body diameters, arm and leg girths, and somatotypes—and four environmental characteristics—older brother, older sister, presence of adult male, and playing with older children. Results indicated that boys threw farther than girls and exhibited more mature form. Boys had greater joint diameters than girls, a smaller sum of four skinfolds, and more estimated arm muscle. Boys were more likely to play regularly with older children. Girls' throwing performance was only 57% that of boys, but when throwing was adjusted for a linear composite of biological variables, girls' throwing performance increased to 69% of boys'. Thus, while the differences in most motor performance tasks between boys and girls prior to puberty have been attributed to environmental factors, some of the differences in throwing performance appears to reflect biological characteristics, even as early as 5 years of age.     

学校体育与我国体育社会化

通过学校体育在体育社会化中地位及作用的分析,阐明了学校体育社会化进程中任务的长期性、艰巨性。学校体育如何在当前形势下更好地适应与促进体育社会化的发展,笔者认为只有将学校体育与社会体育相结合,打破传统的学术体育教学模式,借鉴国外先进经验,开创一条适合我国国情,对贯彻实施全民健身计划具有推动力的道路。     

体育生活化与城市体育生活

体育生活化就是要使体育回归到生活中来。根据城市生活特征,体育应在健康促进、社会教育、社会和谐等方面发挥作用,并融入到生活方式、生活环境、人际关系等实际生活中去。     

论家庭体育对青少年社会化的影响

家庭体育对青少年社会化具有积极意义,能够增强亲子感情、推动积极价值观形成、培养良好公民人格。以社会化理念为基础,指出当前中国家庭体育存在诸多问题,欠发达的家庭体育阻滞青少年社会化。要推动中国家庭体育发展,有如下对策：第一,观念习得和制度保障并重;第二,以体育教育为核心,强调家长责任;第三,联结多元主体参与,实现资源分享;第四,运用社会化媒体创新传播;第五,遵循青少年身心发展规律,科学开展家庭体育。     

城市化背景下体育对农村留守儿童社会问题的改善研究

文章采用文献资料与逻辑分析法,通过对农村留守儿童存在的主要社会问题进行分析、探讨与思考.提出体育作为一种社会文化活动,一种科学的、健康的社会文化活动,发挥其体育的功能,有利于培养留守儿童良好的生活习惯与方式,促进留守儿童的社会化与同辈群体的融入.旨在为农村留守儿童的教育与社会化问题提供理论依据.     

Longitudinal Change in Throwing Performance: Gender Differences

Abstract

Twenty-four male subjects were used to study effects upon successive hand reaction times when the interval between paired visual stimuli was manipulated over the range 50 to 1,000 mseconds. Subjects were divided into fast and slow groups on the basis of well-practiced simple reaction time measures. Results indicated that both simple reaction time and initial paired response reaction time were unrelated to delays in the second response due to the psychological refractory period. It was suggested that a serious reappraisal of the single channel response system theory merits consideration and that ability to execute fast, consecutive paired responses may represent a new component in motor skills.     

Gender Differences in Strength

The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in upper and lower body strength as a function of lean body weight and the distribution of muscle and subcutaneous fat in the upper and lower limbs. The subjects were 103 physically active men (n = 48) and women (n = 55). The peak torques produced during shoulder flexion (SF) and knee extension (KE) were used as measures of upper body and lower body strength, respectively. Flexed arm girth, thigh girth, triceps skinfold, and thigh skinfold were used to estimate the distribution of muscle and subcutaneous fat in the limbs. Results of the MANOVA revealed that the overall strength of men was significantly greater than that of women. Results of MANCOVA indicated that the SF and KE strength of women and men did not differ significantly when differences in lean body weight, arm girth, thigh girth, triceps skinfold and thigh skinfold were statistically controlled. High levels of SF and KE strength were associated with a high lean body weight and a large arm girth. Results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that for men a substantial portion of the variance in both SF and KE strength was explained by lean body weight alone; whereas strength variations in women were explained more adequately by including limb variables along with lean body weight. Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that gender differences in upper and lower body strength are a function of differences in lean body weight and the distribution of muscle and subcutaneous fat in the body segments. Upper body strength is relatively more important than lower body strength in characterizing the gender difference in strength.     

北京奥运会运动成绩的人种差异

为了进一步了解人在体能和运动成绩方面的差异,提高我国运动员的竞技水平,以2008年北京奥运会获奖运动员为研究对象,以北京奥运会官方网站提供的资料为依据,分析北京奥运会上获得奖牌的运动员的人种分布.研究发现,在金牌和奖牌总数上白种人占有绝对优势(分别占59.6%和65.6%),黄种人略高于黑种人.这与人的形态、体成分、机能和文化差异有关.据此提出,宜以科学发展观指导体育工作,从小,从全民抓起,加强学校体育工作,正确选材,科学训练,从而推动我国竞技体育运动的开展.     

浅析新疆竞技体育职业化过程中存在的问题

近几年中国篮球职业联赛中,新疆广汇事件暴露出了新疆竞技体育职业化过程中存在的许多问题,体育人才的流失、体育社会化程度不高、后备人才培养机制不完善等问题已经成为新疆竞技体育职业化过程中不可忽视的问题。     

体育强国建设进程中我国体育赛事文化的发展对策研究

体育强国建设是新时期中国体育事业发展的新目标,也对中国体育赛事文化的发展建设提出了新课题。研究认为:体育赛事文化建设是体育强国建设的主要内容之一,其地位与作用无法替代;目前我国体育赛事文化建设存在体育赛事文化发展不平衡,职业体育赛事文化建设滞后,民族体育赛事文化缺乏竞争力诸问题,并提出了相应的发展对策。     

大学生体育锻炼行为性别差异的研究

通过问卷调查的数理统计结果,初步揭示男女学生体育锻炼行为和动机上的差异。研究结果表明男女大学生在体育认识上趋于一致,并揭示出在锻炼内容、锻炼频度、自我锻炼能力、锻炼效果、锻炼认知和健康状况等方面存在的异同,为进一步改进体育教学和指导课外锻炼提出对策。     

休闲体育中的社会性别研究

休闲体育作为一种新的体育活动方式和生活方式,丰富了人们的业余生活。由于受各种因素的影响,休闲体育中的社会性别问题比较严重,致使两性不平等现象依然存在。本文分析了其产生与存在的社会根源,为缩小性别差异,促进两性休闲体育协调发展提供理论依据与现实指导,以促进体育事业的健康可持续发展。     

体育生活化的内涵、特征及其实现路径

采用文献资料和逻辑分析等研究方法,对体育生活化的内涵、特征及实现路径进行深入研究。结果认为加快体育生活化的进程,对于促进国民健康积极生活方式的形成、增强国民体质、提高健康水平,满足人民群众日益增长的物质文化和精神文化需求及促进社会和谐发展都有着重要价值,也是当前我国体育适应社会发展的必然要求。     

普通高校开展休闲运动的现状调查与分析

以广州地区12所普通高校的173名体育教师和管理人员为研究对象,运用文献法和问卷法等研究方法,从认知、影响因素、“俱乐部型”教学模式等几个方面入手,对普通高校开展休闲运动的现状进行了调查与分析。     

"体育社会化"形势下高师体育教师培养模式及对策研究

通过查阅文献资料、专家访谈,综合分析新时期体育教师在社会生活中所扮演的角色以及体育教师的知识及素质结构。旨在为适应21世纪“体育社会化”发展趋势的要求,探索体育教师教育、培养模式及其改革途径,重新树立21世纪体育教师新形象。     

体育活动对幼儿创造性思维的激发与培养

体育活动对于幼儿创造性思维的激发和培养具有自身的特点和优势,本文运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法对体育活动中如何激发和培养幼儿创造性思维作了初步的探讨。     

体育生活化：体育的回归、跨越与提升

以人的需求层次理论为依据,分析了体育生活化是体育顺应现代人生存、享受与发展需求变化的必然趋势,体现了现代体育的健身、娱乐、社会等功能,提出了调整体育发展战略重心、优先发展社区体育、建设体育生活圈等对策建议。     

延续和变迁的中国社会与女子体育

我国女性为中国竞技体育的腾飞起到了汗马功劳。要理解她们的成就,就必须从历史和社会的发展角度来剖析社会、体育和性别文化之间的复杂关系。新中国成立不久,体育和女性问题都受到党和国家的高度重视,国家和省市体育运动委员会、专业运动队相继成立;婚姻法、宪法和劳工法等相继出台,女性的社会地位和生活发生了根本性的变化。女性开始走出家庭、进入社会,并进入世界竞技体育舞台。然而,国际和国内政治对我国女子竞技体育的发展带来了直接的影响。中国脱离和重新进入国际奥委会、大跃进和文化大革命等政治运动对我国的女子竞技体育产生了错综复杂的影响。改革开放以后,平均主义“大锅饭”被打破,体育走在了向商业化和竞争性经济转轨的前列。社会、体育和女性地位之间的关系是复杂、变化的动态关系。