Movement Duration,Fractionated Reaction Time,and Response Programming

The purpose of this study was to determine how the manipulation of movement duration affects components of fractionated reaction time and presumably motor programming. Twelve subjects, in a simple reaction time paradigm, responded to an auditory signal by executing an elbow flexion movement in the sagittal plane through a range of motion of 100° in 150, 300, 600 and 1200 ms. Results indicated no changes in motor time but small increments in premotor and reaction time through the 600 ms condition. At 1200 ms, reaction time increased faster than premotor time, and this appeared to be predominantly a consequence of an increment in motor time. These data were interpreted to be supportive of the notion that movement duration is related to response complexity and the time required for motor programming.     

Premotor and Motor Reaction Time As a Function of Response Complexity

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to identify the response elements responsible for the complexity effect found by Henry and Rogers (1960). An attempt was made to determine if these elements were affecting the premotor time component of simple reaction time (SRT). If they were, a strong case could be made for the argument that neuromotor programming time was affected because premotor time is a more exact estimate of it than SRT. The results revealed that premotor time was unaffected by a forward change in movement direction, but increased as the number of movement parts increased from one to two and as the demand for movement accuracy increased. Thus, increasing the (1) number of parts and (2) accuracy demands were identified as elements of response complexity which increase programming time and support Henry and Rogers (1960) hypothesis that the time to initiate a response becomes longer as the programming process become more complex.     

Fractionated Reaction Time Responses to Auditory and Electrocutaneous Stimuli

Abstract

It is well documented that simple reaction time (RT) varies inversely with stimulus intensity, but there is disagreement as to which stimulus modality produces the fastest simple RT. An investigation was conducted to equate two stimulus modalities, auditory (A) and electrocutaneous (EC), using varying stimulus intensities in a simple RT protocol. A second investigation was then conducted to examine neuromotor characteristics of stimulus-evoked responses using previously equated A and EC stimuli of varying intensity from the first investigation. Results showed that RT, premotor time (PMT), and motor time (MT) were all inversely related to stimulus intensity, while maximum displacement (MAXD) was directly related to stimulus intensity, and movement time was not affected by stimulus intensity. We conclude that: (a) both central and peripheral components of RT are altered by varying stimulus intensities, and (b) rapid movements are enhanced by increasing stimulus intensity.     

手反应时测量可靠性的研究

本研究采用实验及统计分析法 ,对 44名体院学生的手反应时分别用不同重复测量次数进行多次测量 ,用积差相关法、单因素方差分析等方法对测量数据的可靠性及相关系数用exce17.5软件进行统计分析。结果表明 :手反应时重复测量的最佳次数是 15次 ,取值的最好方法是剔除 5次最大值和 5次最小值计算平均值。可靠性系数可达到 0 95     

Effects of timing of signal indicating jump directions on knee biomechanics in jump-landing-jump tasks

A variety of the available time to react (ATR) has been utilised to study knee biomechanics during reactive jump-landing tasks. The purpose was to quantify knee kinematics and kinetics during a jump-land-jump task of three possible directions as the ATR was reduced. Thirty-four recreational athletes performed 45 trials of a jump-land-jump task, during which the direction of the second jump (lateral, medial or vertical) was indicated before they initiated the first jump, the instant they initiated the first jump, 300 ms before landing, 150 ms before landing or at the instant of landing. Knee joint angles and moments close to the instant of landing were significantly different when the ATR was equal to or more than 300 ms before landing, but became similar when the ATR was 150 ms or 0 ms before landing. As the ATR was decreased, knee moments decreased for the medial jump direction, but increased for the lateral jump direction. When the ATR is shorter than an individual’s reaction time, the movement pattern cannot be pre-planned before landing. Knee biomechanics are dependent on the timing of the signal and the subsequent jump direction. Precise control of timing and screening athletes with low ATR are suggested.     

羽毛球运动员的反应时与竞技能力

反应时是研究运动员心理特征的重要指标,然而以往研究结果并不一致。通过采用自编程序的微机视觉反应时测验,以不同反应时与竞技能力的相关差异,探讨影响竞技能力的神经机制。反应时测试有简单反应时、复杂反应时二刺激、辨别反应时二刺激、复杂反应时四刺激和翻转反应时四刺激。46名男队员和61名女队员按成绩分成优秀和一般两组,结果发现:简单反应时复杂反应四刺激和翻转反应四刺激指标在不同水平男女运动员中均表现出显著性差异,而简单反应时不显著。翻转反应时在不同水平羽毛球运动员之间差异效果量为最大。结果提示:羽毛球运动员的竞技能力不仅与信息加工速度有关,还与信息复杂程度有关,优秀羽毛球运动员加工复杂信息更具优势,灵活的神经转换机制可能是影响羽毛球运动员竞技能力的中央机制之一。     

对排球运动员反应时影响因素的探讨与分析

研究目的:找出影响排球运动员反应时的因素、提出解决办法,为排球运动员的选拔、培养、训练提供参考依据。研究方法:文献资料法、数理统计法、访谈法等。研究结论:影响排球运动员反应时的主要因素包括疲劳、心理因素、赛场经验、主客场和运动水平。     

时差反应对运动能力的影响及消除方法

时差反应是运动员参与国际体育比赛经常遇到的问题,也是影响运动员竞技能力发挥的因素之一。了解时差反应的产生原因及预防措施,对于提高运动成绩有积极的促进作用。本文对此做一简单的综述以期为体育工作者提供参考。     

反应时测量方法可靠性的研究

研究采用实验及统计分析法，对44名体院学生的光简单反应时分别用不同重复测量次数进行多次测量，用积差相关法、单因素方差分析等方法对测量数据的可靠性及相关系数用spss7.5软件进行统计分析。结果表明：反应对重复测量的最佳次数是20次，取值的最好方法是剔除5次最大值和5次最小值计算平均值。可靠性系数可达到0.97。     

Sex and Athletic Status as Factors in Reaction Latency and Movement Time

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of sex and athletic status on reaction latencies and movement time. One hundred subjects, categorized into five groups of 20 subjects each—male athletes (MA), female athletes (FA), male nonathletes (MNA), female nonathletes (FNA), and control group (CG)—were tested over a period of five consecutive days. Several different types of incentives were used to ensure that subjects provided the fastest times possible. Two blocks of 25 trials were administered to each subject on each day. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 2 mixed factorial analysis of variance was used to test for between-subject differences of group (experimental/control), sex, and athletic status and for within-subject differences of days and blocks. The four dependent variables were reaction time (RT) mean, RT consistency, movement time (MT) mean, and MT consistency. Results did not support the classic finding of male superiority over females in RT/MT or athletes' superiority over nonathletes. Evidence of athletic superiority emerged, but for the first day of practice only. As subjects were allowed extended practice over a 5-day test period in which knowledge of results (KR) and other incentives were provided, differences in the experimental groups disappeared. Sex was the predominant factor in consistency, with males being less variable in RT (p = .02) performance than females. There were no sex differences in MT consistency.     

反应时测量方法有效性的研究

研究采用实验及统计分析法，对45名体院学生反应时测量结果的有效性进行定量分析。结果表明：目前常用的用总反应时替代反应时的测量方法的有效性较低（r=0.92），测量结果不能客观反映受试者的反应速度。反应时的测量应先测量受试者的总反应时，然后测量受试者的运动时，最后根据公式：反应时=总反应时-运动时计算出每个受试者的反应时。总反应时和运动时呈低度负相关系数（r=-0.09），说明反应速度和动作速度测量互相不能替代。不同个体之间总反应时变异系数的平均值为23.6％，变异系数高达58.6％。不同个体之间总反应时变异系数与平均值之间的相关系数为0.525。反应能力的评价，应采用反应时和总反应时的变异系数两个指标进行综合评价。     

反应时与动作速度精确度之关系

人对自己运动行为控制有3个必须环节：辨认信息，选择反应，及对具体反应动作的程序化。研究影响这3个环节所必须的时间(反应时)的因素，对认识和提高运动动作的速度及准确性有理论和实际意义。本研究结果证明，提高动作的复杂程度(例如在一个动作中增加反复次数)会延长所有年龄组被试的反应时。但动作复杂性对学前儿童及老年人的反应时影响更大。同时，反应的快慢似乎与动作精度的关系大过与动作速度的关系。本文初步探讨了这些数据的神经心理机制，及其对动作教学训练的指导意义。     

Simple Reaction Time as a Function of Response Complexity: Christina et al. (1982) Revisited

Abstract

Two alternative interpretations to the one proposed by Christina, Fischman, Vercruyssen, and Anson (1982) were investigated. They interpreted the simple reaction time (SRT) increase they found, which was thought to reflect an increase in programming time, to be due to the increase in number of movement parts from one response to another. Experiment 1(N = 15 males) tested the alternative interpretation that the SRT increase was caused by the difference in how the first movement part of the three responses was executed. However, no evidence was found to support this interpretation. Experiment 2 (N = 15 males) tested the alternative interpretation that the SRT increase was due to the increase in the demand for movement accuracy from one response to another. The results revealed that only a very small portion of the SRT increase could be attributed to the increased accuracy demand while the major portion of the increase was due to the increase in number of movement parts.     

第16届亚运会100m跑男、女运动员起跑反应时的差异研究

以第16届亚运会100 m跑56名男、女运动员的起跑后蹬时间的压力曲线为研究对象,将男、女运动员的起跑反应时分成3个时间段进行对比分析。研究结果表明:男、女运动员起跑反应时具有显著性差异;蹬力达到阈值时间(反应动作时间)是造成男、女运动员起跑反应时具有显著性差异的重要原因;力量与爆发力是造成男、女运动员蹬力达到阈值时间(反应动作时间)具有显著性差异的重要因素;相对于男运动员40 kg压力阈值,女运动员合理的压力阈值是25 kg;电子起跑监测系统中,合理的起跑反应时限应是国际田联起跑反应时限100 ms的基础上加上蹬力达到阈值时间。     

青少年散打运动员与成年散打运动员反应时的比较研究

文章通过对青少年散打运动员与成年散打运动员的反应时进行了测验,研究结果表明:青少年散打运动员简单反应时与成年运动员没有显著差别,但选择反应时和错次反应,青少年组与成年组有显著性差异,因而散打运动员通过系统的长时间的散打运动能提高神经肌肉的反应性,促进灵敏素质的发展,增强机体适应能力。文章通过对反应时的研究,希望对散打运动的选材和科学化训练提出一些建议和帮助。     

长春市中小学生视觉选择反应时的动态分析比较研究

通过对长春市7～15岁男女中小学生视觉选择反应时的测试,找出男女生在7～15岁期间视觉选择反应时的变化特点,及其两者之间的差异性和共同性,为今后体育教学按着儿童少年视觉选择反应速度的变化规律,安排适宜的教学内容和实施因材施教的原则提供科学依据。实验结果表明:长春市男女中小学生视觉选择反应速度快速增长期段增长幅度具有一定的差异,男女生视觉选择反应速度快速增长与负增长次数及总体增长幅度具有一致性。     

休闲时代的太极拳发展

休闲时代的来临引发了人们在体育休闲观念、行为方式和消费方式等方面的巨大变革。文章从休闲时代的时代特征入手,分析了太极拳在休闲时代所面临的新的机遇和挑战。研究认为：在休闲时代,要正确引导人们的体育休闲观点;加强对本民族体育休闲文化的自信;科学合理地对太极拳自身进行改革;加强对太极拳产业的经济开发力度。只有立足于太极拳自身的特点,抓住休闲时代的特征,太极拳才会在新的历史条件下实现更加全面的发展和更高层次的普及。     

不同运动干预方法对青少年反应能力的影响研究

目的:研究青少年学生反应能力的影响因素,为运动选材提供可靠的参考依据,探寻青少年提高反应能力的体质健康运动方法和模式。方法:通过对西南地区(重庆市)10所学校的青少年进行为期10周的干预实验。结果表明:青少年反应时特点与其生长发育的生理规律相一致,年龄越小的简单反应时越快,选择反应时越慢;不同性别的反应时在9岁以下差异不显著,到9岁以后女生简单反应时比男生快很多且差异非常显著,而选择反应时则相反。结论:参与运动锻炼对反应能力的提高有显著作用;有三种不同的运动干预实验模式在不同年龄段中对反应时缩短有积极影响。     

防守篮球体前变向运球突破队员动作反应时研究

本文通过文献资料法、实验法、数理统计法等研究方法对篮球防守运动员在防守体前变向换手运球突破队员时防守动作反应时的注视部位进行对比分析。研究结果表明：当防守队员在注视体前变向运球突破队员腰部位置时,防守运动员更快的对进攻突破队员的动作做出反应,为青少年篮球运动员的教学与训练提供有益的参考。